The Ladder of Inference helps us recognize how our perceptions and assumptions can affect our beliefs and actions. It reminds us to pause and check in, make our assumptions explicit, and take the time to explore everyone else's. The Ladder of Inference is an example of cognitive bias and was developed by organizational psychologist Chris Argyris and used by Pete Senge in his book, The Fifth Discipline. Learn more with Susan Goodwin, Collaboration and Conflict Management Specialist, DOI Office of Collaborative Action and Dispute Resolution.