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b'Subterranean passages and chambers within the Earth form eerie and incredible environments that are home to unique ecosystems of bizarre creatures and which serve as some of the most invaluable sources of fossils in the world. This episode, we discuss how caves form, what ecosystems dwell within them, and why they\\u2019re so darn important for paleontology.\\nIn the news: pterosaur thumbs, scimitar-cat diets, counting T. rex, and ancient soil DNA.\\nTime markers: Intro & Announcements: 00:00:00News: 00:03:30Main discussion, Part 1: 00:35:00Main discussion, Part 2: 01:16:00Patron question: 01:55:00\\nCheck out our blog for bonus info and pictures:http://commondescentpodcast.wordpress.com/\\nFind merch at the Common Descent Store! http://zazzle.com/common_descent\\nFollow and Support us on: Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/commondescentpodcast Twitter: https://twitter.com/CommonDescentPCFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/commondescentpodcastInstagram: @commondescentpodcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCePRXHEnZmTGum2r1l2mduwPodBean: https://commondescentpodcast.podbean.com/ iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-common-descent-podcast/id1207586509?mt=2\\nThe Intro and Outro music is \\u201cOn the Origin of Species\\u201d by Protodome. More music like this at http://ocremix.org.\\nMusical Interludes are "Professor Umlaut" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com). Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/'