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"A big part of my graduate education at Harvard was critical thinking. The general idea that theories come and go, even the data come and go because it\\u2019s modified as new experimental paradigms develop. So the idea of fixity. that \\u201cnow we now know and it\\u2019s set in stone\\u201d, was not at all in my thinking by the time I left Graduate School if it ever had been."

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Episode Description:\\xa0Guest host, Dr. Joel\\xa0Whitebook, interviews another elder from our field, Dr. Fred Pine. A discussion of the history of Dr. Pine\'s long and rich career is not only\\xa0fascinating in its own right, but\\xa0it also raises an important question: what combination of character traits and personal experience allows one to become an independent thinker? Dr.\\xa0Whitebook\\xa0also invites Dr. Pine to explain his basic theoretical approach which is both clinical and developmental. When he observes a phenomenon in an adult patient, Dr. Pine asks \\u201cwhat can we hypothesize about the person\'s development so that it would have produced the phenomenon in question?\\u201d And when he observes a developmental phenomenon, he asks the opposite question \\u201cwhat sort of adaptive and pathological phenomena might we expect to result from it in the person\'s later life?\\u201d It was through this use of a clinical/developmental approach that Dr. Pine was able to introduce many important innovations in our field.\\xa0

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Our Guest:\\xa0Dr. Fred Pine is a Professor Emeritus in psychiatry at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. In 1956, he received his Ph.D. from Harvard University\'s Social Relations Program, where he studied with such eminent scholars as Henry Murray, Gordon Allport, Clyde\\xa0Kluckhorn, and Talcott Parsons. After working for six years at the NYU Research Center for Mental Health, Dr. Pine did his psychoanalytic training at The New York Psychoanalytic Institute. In addition to his own extensive contributions to the literature, Dr. Pine was also a co-author of a psychoanalytic classic, The Psychological Birth of the Infant.\\xa0

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Recommended Readings:\\xa0

Pine, F. (1979). On the Pathology of the Separation-Individuation Process as Manifested in Later Clinical Work: An Attempt at Delineation.\\xa0Int. J.\\xa0Psychoanal.\\xa0\\xa060:\\xa0 226-242.\\xa0

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Pine, F. (1993). A Contribution to the Analysis of the Psychoanalytic Process.\\xa0Psychoanal\\xa0Quarterly.\\xa062: 185-205, 1993.\\xa0

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Pine, F. (2004). Mahler\'s Concepts of "Symbiosis" and "Separation-Individuation":\\xa0 Revisited, Reevaluated, Refined.\\xa0\\xa0Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association.\\xa052: 511-533.\\xa0

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Pine, F. (2006). If I Knew Then What I Know Now:\\xa0 Theme and Variations.\\xa0\\xa0Psychoanalytic Psychology. 23:1-7.\\xa0

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Pine, F. (2011). Beyond Pluralism:\\xa0 Psychoanalysis and the Workings of Mind.\\xa0Psychoanalytic Quarterly. 80: 823-856.\\xa0

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Pine, F. (2005). Theories of Motivation in Psychoanalysis. In:\\xa0A Textbook\\xa0of\\xa0 Psychoanalysis. Eds.\\xa0 Person, E. S., Cooper, A., and Gabbard, G. Washington,\\xa0D.C.:American\\xa0Psychiatric Assoc. Press, pp. 3-19.\\xa0

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Pine, F. (1998) Chapter 5. The ego in the session. In:\\xa0Diversity and Direction in Psychoanalytic Technique. New Haven:\\xa0 Yale Univ. Press\\xa0

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