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b"George W. Bush\\u2019s controversial State of the Union address from 29th January, 2002 - saw the introduction of the phrase \\u2018the Axis of Evil\\u2019.\\xa0\\nSpeechwriter David Frum had initially grouped Iraq, Iran and North Korea together as an \\u2018Axis of Hatred\\u2019 - but Bush himself chose to replace the word \\u2018hatred\\u2019 with \\u2018evil\\u2019, a choice viewed by most Americans as striking the right tone, but many international commentators as a stepping-stone to indiscriminately invading Iraq.\\nIn this episode Arion, Rebecca and Olly consider how Bush\\u2019s pivot to \\u2018evil\\u2019 opened up numerous sticky diplomatic questions for his administration; reveal which countries Republican hawk John Bolton felt were the next-most-evil nations; and explain how Frum took inspiration from FDR\\u2019s reaction to Pearl Harbor\\u2026\\xa0\\nFurther Reading:\\n\\u2022 \\u2018David Frum: The Enduring Lessons of the \\u2018Axis of Evil\\u2019 Speech\\u2019 (The Atlantic, 2022): https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/01/axis-of-evil-speech-frum-bush/621397/\\n\\u2022 \\u201820 years later, the \\u2018Axis of Evil\\u2019 is bigger, bolder \\u2014 and more evil\\u2019 (The Hill, 2022): https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/3754480-20-years-later-the-axis-of-evil-is-bigger-bolder-and-more-evil/\\n\\u2022 \\u2018George W. Bush\\u2019s State of the Union Address\\u2019 (2002): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btkJhAM7hZw\\nThis episode first premiered in 2022, for members of \\U0001f334CLUB RETROSPECTORS\\U0001f334 - where you can also DITCH THE ADS and get weekly bonus bits, unlock over 70 bits of extra content and support our independent podcast. Join now via Apple Podcasts or Patreon. Thanks!\\n\\xa0\\nWe'll be back tomorrow! Follow us wherever you get your podcasts: podfollow.com/retrospectors\\n\\xa0\\nThe Retrospectors are Olly Mann, Rebecca Messina & Arion McNicoll, with Matt Hill.\\nTheme Music: Pass The Peas. Announcer: Bob Ravelli. Graphic Design: Terry Saunders. Edit Producer: Ollie Peart.\\nCopyright: Rethink Audio / Olly Mann 2023.\\n\\n Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.\\nLearn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices"