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Bill Frist is a nationally acclaimed heart and lung transplant surgeon, former U.S. Senate Majority Leader, and is actively engaged in health policy and education reform. In this episode, Bill takes us through his long and varied career in medicine, politics, and business, which includes establishing the organ transplantation program at Vanderbilt as well as rising from the lowest-ranked member of the U.S. Senate to the Majority Leader in two terms. We discuss some of the most significant moments of his time in the Senate, such as advocating for AIDS prevention programs' funding and addressing complicated issues like stem cell research and the end-of-life issues raised by the Terri Schiavo case. We also hear his first-person account of what happened behind the scenes on September 11, 2001, his frustration with our lack of preparation for the pandemic, and his thoughts about the current state of U.S. politics. Finally, we talk about his current endeavors in health policy and education reform.

We discuss:

• Bill\u2019s decision\xa0to\xa0pursue medicine and\xa0do\xa0organ transplants (3:40);
• The miraculous nature of organ transplants: History, Bill\u2019s work, and the most exciting things to come (12:00);
• Frist\u2019s experience building up the heart transplant program at Vanderbilt (21:45);
• The famous rivalry between surgeons Denton Cooley and Michael DeBakey (29:15);
• How the medical field can attract bright young people to pursue medicine (33:00);
• Bill\u2019s decision to leave medicine and run for the US senate (38:00);
• The value in having scientists and physicians in Congress (47:30);
• A discussion on whether or not senators should have term limits (55:30);
• The highly polarized nature of politics,\xa0and how we can fix it with empathy (1:00:30);
• Bill\u2019s time in the Senate and quick rise to Senate Majority Leader (1:05:30);
• The lifesaving impact of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) under George W. Bush (1:15:15);
• How Bill reversed course on his view of the value and morality of stem cell research (1:19:45);
• Complex end-of-life decisions, and Bill\u2019s role in the infamous Terri\xa0Schiavo\xa0case\u2014a story that captures the conflict among law, morality, and improving technology (1:30:00);
• Remembering the events of September 11th from Bill\u2019s perspective in the Senate (1:49:45);
• The coronavirus pandemic: Bill\u2019s accurate\xa02005\xa0prediction, and a discussion about future preparedness (1:56:45);
• The\xa0divided\xa0state of US politics, and how we can come together (2:06:45);
• How experience in medicine and politics is shaping Bill\u2019s current endeavors in business, reforming education, palliative care, and more (2:12:45); and
• More.