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Cacti are famous for their spine-shaped leaves, their water-retaining tissues, their green stems, and especially for being among the most well-adapted organisms on Earth for dry environments. This episode, we\u2019re joined by Dr. Aly Baumgartner to discuss the diversity of cacti, their unique adaptations for an unusual lifestyle, and their mysterious evolutionary past.\nIn the news: Stone Age jewelry, kelp fossils, long-jawed fish, and early trees.\nTime markers:Intro & Announcements: 00:00:00News: 00:06:00Main discussion, Part 1: 00:38:25Main discussion, Part 2: 01:25:00Patron question: 02:04:00\nCheck out our website for this episode\u2019s blog post and more: http://commondescentpodcast.com/\nJoin us on Patreon to support the podcast and enjoy bonus content: https://www.patreon.com/commondescentpodcast\nGot a topic you want to hear about? Submit your episode request here: https://commondescentpodcast.com/request-a-topic/\nWe\u2019re an Audible Affiliate Partner! Use this link for a 30-day free trial to Audible: https://www.audibletrial.com/CommonDescent\nLots more ways to connect with us: https://linktr.ee/common_descent\nThe Intro and Outro music is \u201cOn the Origin of Species\u201d by Protodome. More music like this at http://ocremix.org.\nMusical Interludes are "Professor Umlaut" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com). Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/