NATO\u2019s 2022 Strategic Concept reaffirmed its commitment to NATO\u2019s founding principles and to its core mission of collective defence and security in a Euro-Atlantic zone definitively \u2018not at peace\u2019. It also reiterated its long-held view that cyberspace, the global domain of interconnected information technologies and data, is \u2018contested at all times\u2019 by a range of state and non-state actors. Set against the backdrop of widespread competition in cyberspace between military and intelligence agencies, firms, criminals, hackers, hacktivists and assorted adventurers, this assertion is hard to deny.