Given the pace of scientific discovery, 40 years is a long time. That's how long by next guest has worked the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. He's directed it for the last 15 years. .. and overseen research on behalf of the Defense Department, NASA and the Intelligence Community. Joining me for his exit interview upon retirement, Dr. Ralph Semmel.\nLearn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices