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In seven episodes, the Babel: U.S. Power and Influence in the Middle East podcast miniseries will take a closer look at two decades of heightened U.S. engagement in the region. Over seven weeks, Babel will cover how the United States has used its military, economic, diplomatic, and soft power tools in the Middle East\u2014and how the Middle East has responded.\xa0\xa0\nIn part three, Jon looks at how the United States has used its economic toolkit in the region, and how successful sanctions and development aid have been in advancing U.S. interests in the Middle East. He speaks with Howard Shatz, a senior economist at RAND who served with the Bush administration\u2019s Council of Economic Advisors in 2007-2008; Amy Hawthorne, the deputy director for research for the Project on Middle East Democracy who served as a senior advisor for Near Eastern Affairs in the State Department during the Arab Spring; and Ali Vaez, the International Crisis Group\u2019s Iran project director.\xa0\xa0\n\nHoward Shatz. "The Power and Limits of Threat: The Caesar Syrian Civilian Protection Act at One Year,\u201d\xa0Real Clear Defense. July 7, 2021.\xa0\xa0\n\nAmy Hawthorne, "Egypt: Trends in Politics, Economics, and Human Rights," Before The House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East, North Africa, and International Terrorism, 116th Congress, 2020.\n\nAli Vaez and Naysan Rafati, \u201cU.S. Maximum Pressure Meets Iranian Maximum Pressure,\u201d International Crisis Group, November 5, 2019.\xa0\n\nTranscript,\xa0"U.S. Power and Influence in the Middle East: Part Three," CSIS, March 22, 2022.