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Image:  Rune stone (U 808) in Enberga, Hamra. The inscription says: "Gisl and Ingemund, good valiant men, had the landmark made in memory of Halvdan, their father, and in memory of Ödis, their mother. May God now help her soul well.". “The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (about AD 750–1050) was a far-flung transformation in world history1 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8#ref-CR1) ,2 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8#ref-CR2) . Here we sequenced the genomes of 442 humans from archaeological sites across Europe and Greenland (to a median depth of about 1×) to understand the global influence of this expansion.”  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8 Rasmus Nielsen, @ras_nielsen, UC Berkeley & Univ. of Copenhagen, computational/statistical genomics, population; in re:  “Population genomics of the Viking world.”  Nature magazine.  16 Sept 2020.   The maritime expansion of Scandinavian populations during the Viking Age (around AD 750–1050) was a far-flung transformation in world history.   Swedish Vikings in Estonia: one, of four brothers buried together, with another relative nearby.  Sometimes even dogs were buried. Have 442 archaeological sites from Scandinavia to Greenland.  Using genomes to compare a wide range of people: drill out a tiny amount of bone mass to analyze; now can develop the entire genome, can do hundreds. Denmark spread to England; Sweden to Baltics; Norway to Iceland, Greenland, and Ireland. At least three major groups, plus Russians. Much DNA from Southern Europe came in.  Spans from 2800 BC to 1600 AD. Hunter-gatherers; farmers; and steppe-related ancestors. Anatolia arrived maybe 8,000 years ago!  Maybe 3,000 years ago: herders and warriors from Siberian steppe.  Can still find all these components in modern Europeans.