86. What do I Need to Know if Ive Become the Target of a Criminal Investigation?
Intro:
Welcome to Prison Professors podcast. I\u2019m Michael Santos. We assist people who face court, sentencing, and prison. Visit us at PrisonProfessors.com to learn more. Call or text 949-205-6056 to connect with our team. For more info, send an email to Team@PrisonProfessors.com.
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Our answer to the first question is simple: A lot!
Many people that face law-enforcement challenges make decisions that exacerbate their problems. They don\u2019t mean to make troubles worse. Yet if they don\u2019t understand what\u2019s coming, what options they have, or where to turn for information that will help them make better decisions, they\u2019re vulnerable.
Targets of criminal investigations can unwittingly talk themselves into a criminal indictment. They may eliminate opportunities for a diversion from prosecution. Or they may expose themselves to tougher sanctions.
Competent legal counsel is essential. But if an individual doesn\u2019t have any experience with the criminal law, a primer on the system may be of help, too. With more knowledge, a layman will feel more competent when working with a criminal lawyer. Without knowledge, a person will always feel as if he\u2019s operating from a position of darkness, never knowing what\u2019s around the next turn.
By learning about the criminal justice system, a person can arm himself to work more effectively with lawyers. He may understand how to resolve complex dilemmas better. Although he may not like the limited choices available, he may feel more confident that he is going to make the best possible choice. When a person understands context, opportunity costs, and ramifications that follow each decision, that person empowers himself.
We can paraphrase an old Chinese proverb:
- \u2022 If you want to know the road ahead, ask someone that has come back.
When under the spotlight of a criminal investigation, it makes a great deal of sense to invest time and energy to learn. By learning, a person can make more informed decisions. Operating without knowledge makes us feel as if we\u2019re hanging from a string, as if we\u2019re marionette puppets. To stop that helpless feeling and restore confidence, we need to learn, then we need to make deliberate decisions that will influence best-possible outcomes.
Acquiring knowledge and becoming more literate about the system is a first step. As the clich\xe9 holds, the greatest fear is the fear of the unknown.
This book will be a great place to start.
Defendants learn quickly that problems with the criminal justice system can lead to enormous costs. It isn\u2019t only money that\u2019s at stake. Liberty is at stake. Future earning power is at stake. Collateral consequences\u2014like access to banking, housing, career opportunities\u2014can linger for a lifetime. Don\u2019t take our word for it. Easily verifiable statistics show the fallout for those who have been targeted by the criminal justice system.
It\u2019s crucial to prepare, and it makes a great deal of sense to learn.
The learning process begins with the reality that many people get sucked into the criminal justice system. Although going through the system is difficult, there are best-practice ways to prepare.
According to a 2019 report by the Prison Policy Initiative, the American criminal justice system holds almost 2.3 million people. They are confined to:
- \u2022 1,719 state prisons,
- \u2022 109 federal prisons,
- \u2022 1,772 juvenile correctional facilities,
- \u2022 3,163 local jails, and
80 Indian Country jails as well as in military prisons, immigration detention facilities, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and prisons in the U.S. territories.
Not everyone that goes into the system gets the best outcome. Those that learn more can prepare more. By learning more about the system, they may be able to put themselves into a different algorithm, framing possibilities for a better outcome. By using good critical thinking skills, targets or defendants may influence decision makers to view them through a different lens, as if they\u2019re fellow human beings rather than cogs that must grind through a criminal justice machine.
All people facing challenges with the criminal justice system share common traits. Their family members, friends, and colleagues care about them. Defendants would like to live in a world where investigators, prosecutors, probation officers, and judges see them as normal citizens. They may have been charged with a crime, but defendants, like all people, have many attributes that are reflective of their character. A crime may be an aberration, a one-time act that is contextual and doesn\u2019t resemble how they would act in most circumstances.
Yet once the criminal justice system targets people for prosecution, stakeholders in the system turn their attention to the alleged criminal wrongdoing. A criminal charge can stop stakeholders from looking at an individual as a human being. In an instant, the person becomes a defendant. The goal, or objective is not always justice. It\u2019s a conviction followed by a punitive sanction.
Obviously, targets of criminal investigations would like to find some type of diversionary program to avoid prosecution. If they\u2019re prosecuted, they want the best possible outcome. For most people, the best outcome means the least restrictive or least punitive sanction\u2014preferably a sentence that does not include incarceration.
But how does a person go about getting the best outcome? Unfortunately, statistics show that few people that encounter the criminal justice system know how to position themselves for the best possible result.
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Who Are We?
My name is Michael Santos. Together, my partner and I create content to help people understand court proceedings, sentencing, and prison. Access our content through our different brands:
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Overview:
Relatively few Americans have more than a basic understanding of our nation\u2019s criminal justice system. On the surface, people know that law enforcement officers arrest people, prosecutors bring charges, and some defendants who are convicted go to jail or prison. Yet the system is much more complicated than that, with many moving parts.
Targets should begin from the premise that the system has one function: to protect society. It has a series of procedures designed to enforce the laws of this country. The more we understand about the system, the better we can prepare to navigate the challenges.
All branches of law enforcement work together to prosecute crimes. Just as some offenders will make every effort to evade detection and apprehension by law-enforcement, the different members of law enforcement will make every effort to solve a crime and win a conviction.
As citizens, we\u2019re all charged with the responsibility of abiding by our nation\u2019s laws. Legislators pass the bills and heads of state sign the bills into law. It\u2019s the criminal justice system that is responsible for enforcing the laws.
Few people understand that our country has 53 separate criminal justice systems, including one for each state, one for the District of Columbia, one for the military, and one for the federal government. Within the different systems, there are hundreds of jurisdictions, each with a series of trial courts that make findings of fact. Higher courts may review whether trial courts followed accepted procedures.
This elaborately complex system has evolved over hundreds of years. For a person that enters the system, it can feel like he\u2019s been dropped into a byzantine labyrinth, with so many turns and dimensions that make it easy to lose direction.
To put this into perspective, think of the system as a zero-sum game.
We use the metaphor of a game for clarity, not to trivialize the conflict between accused and accuser. Defendants are the opponents of investigators and prosecutors. Both sides want to win. The defendants want to be diverted from prosecutions, acquitted, or receive the least restrictive sanction. Law enforcement officers want to convict. Prosecutors want to ensure that the defendants receive what they deem as an appropriate sanction.
In this \u201cgame\u201d of criminal justice, the judge acts as a referee. Judges strive to ensure that both sides of the game adhere to the rules, or due process. They must follow established procedures within the system. In some instances, juries will determine the outcome of this game. But in most cases, defendants will plead guilty before a judge. Then, the long game begins, with post-conviction proceedings. They include a pre-sentence investigation and a sentencing hearing. Classification processes follow. For some, the next step includes appeals, imprisonment, supervised release, and all of the collateral consequences that stay with the \u201cfelon\u201d class.
The sooner a target, or a defendant starts preparing, the more influence that person can have on a better outcome.
As Mick Jagger sang, we don\u2019t always get what we want. But if we try sometimes, we just might find, we get what we need. To get what we need, we must work with a criminal defense attorney. And the more we know about what is to come, the better we prepare ourselves to help our lawyers get us the best outcome. For example, if we know what follows in prison, we may be in a better position to understand the impact of a plea agreement or a prison term. In all cases, knowledge can help us make more informed decisions and restore confidence.
In the next chapter, we\u2019ll cover some thoughts to consider when working with a criminal defense attorney.
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Outro:
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