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William Blake - The Chimney Sweeper - Songs Of Innocence - Songs Of Experience

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Hi. I\\u2019m Christy Shriver and we\\u2019re here to discuss books that have changed the world and have changed us.

I\\u2019m Garry Shriver and this is the How to Love Lit Podcast.\\xa0 This week, we\\u2019re not discussing books per se- we\\u2019re discussing engravings- some of the most famous I know from Songs of Innocence and Experience created by the engraver, poet, artist and likely even musician, William Blake and two works by the same name- The Chimney-Sweeper.\\xa0 Christy, what an unusual human being William Blake was and still so very popular and relevant.\\xa0 I saw on Google that in 2002, the BBC conducted a poll to see who the residents of the UK considered to be the greatest Britons of all time, and he ranked number 38.\\xa0 It\\u2019s hard to imagine a poet ranking on a list like that,\\xa0 And of course, ironically, he died basically in utter anonymity.\\xa0 That\\u2019s quite the upgrade.

Well, it is, but he truly is a remarkable but also really quite strange human being.\\xa0 I\\u2019m thrilled to be discussing him, but before we do.\\xa0 I do have to ask, who else was on that list?

Well, Winston Churchill was number 1- I guess nothing like defeating Hitler to get you to the top.\\xa0 Princess Diana ranked number 3 right ahead of Charles Darwin, interestingly enough.\\xa0 Queen Elizabeth the First ranked number 7 right ahead of John Lennon- but behind Sir Isaac Newton.\\xa0 So, that tells you the eclectic company he\\u2019s keeping.\\xa0 The person who ranked number 2, I would venture to say, most Americans don\\u2019t even know.

Who would that be?

A man by the name of Isambard Kingdom Brunel- the civil engineer who changed England by basically designing and helping to build- in the early 1800s- extremely important pieces of public transportation infrastructure- one of which is the Great Western Railway.\\xa0 BTW- Brunel was sort of a contemporary of William Blake, although 50 years younger.\\xa0

Well, I can see why Brunel\\u2019s important, but you\\u2019re right- I\\u2019ve never heard of him- or at least I can\\u2019t recall ever hearing of him- but as with all infrastructure, I do admire his work.\\xa0 All that to say, William Blake although now\\xa0 seated today Britain\\u2019s most celebrated dignitaries, was an interesting working class product of the late 18th century early nineteenth century.\\xa0 He was born in 1757 and lived until 1827.\\xa0 And I know years, and for me, really numbers in general, can get confusing- so I\\xa0 when I hear the years of when people are born- I try to think about what famous things happened during that period, so I can envision what they were wearing, maybe what their house looked like, that sort of thing\\u2026so for me, as an American, the famous year that jumps during those years is 1776 and American independence.\\xa0 I guess William Blake would be wearing a red coat.\\xa0\\xa0

HA!\\xa0 Only in that he was British, but beyond being a pacifist in general- Blake was very pro-American- Of course, and for our French friends, the year that will jump out to them is 1789 the year that marked the beginning of the French Revolution- another event that strongly impacted Blake\\u2019s view of the world.

And like I mentioned, William Blake, unlike a lot of British poets who came from wealthy families and went to university, was lower-middle class.\\xa0 He did not attend university at all.\\xa0 His parents were hosiers- which meant they owned a small shop where you could buy, among other things, stockings and gloves.\\xa0 He lived all of his life except for a couple of years in London- which he describes in his poem titled London\\xa0 as a terrible place at the time.\\xa0 Let me quote you a couple of stanzas where he describes London, \\u201cHow the chimney-sweepers cry every blackning church appalls, and the hapless soldiers sigh runs in blood down palace walls- but most thro\\u2019 midnight streets I hear How the youthful Harlots curse Blasts the new-born Infants tear and blights with plagues the marriage hearse.

Wow!!!\\xa0 So much misery in a couple of sentences: blood, tears, plagues.\\xa0\\xa0

So true- that\\u2019s not to say, he didn\\u2019t love his city- but he was very much aware of pain- in general- these kinds of images really pervade a lot of his poetry.\\xa0 Blake was very much a visionary- he was anti-colonialism, pro-abolition, pro-women\\u2019s suffrage- well before these were in vogue-

\\xa0which explains why the Americans really discovered him and loved him during our reform period-

True- in some ways, really before even the British (although that\\u2019s a generalization some might take issue with). Garry and I collect old books, specifically old textbooks, and I have a couple of British textbooks from the 1830s- and Blake isn\\u2019t in them except a small\\xa0 mention of his engraving work, but nothing of his poetry.\\xa0\\xa0

I know we\\u2019re going to get into a lot about his ideas of social reform which are really revolutionary and unusual in many ways, but I want to point out- that Blake\\u2019s calls for reform aren\\u2019t because he isn\\u2019t patriotic-\\xa0 he did love his country- if you recognized the intro music- that incredibly famous British hymn Jerusalem- which is often kind of a second British national anthem-you may not know that those lyrics were written by Blake about the wonderful potential Britain did and does have to be pretty much a Utopia.

You know- I didn\\u2019t know Blake composed those words- but I did watch Sir Elton John singing that song in the crowd with everyone else during William and Kate\\u2019s wedding ceremony at Westminister Abbey- on TV of course- don\\u2019t think we scored an invite to that event.

\\xa0Blake- and of course this had everything to do with his religious background, as well as his disillusionment with the French revolution- but he had a lot of distrust in institutions- particularly the gover-nment and the Church- as we see in this poem and\\u2014he uses the term Palace, but he means the government.\\xa0 He saw the poverty that pervaded the streets in London during this time period- and he recognizes the powers as being responsible to help but callous to much of it.\\xa0 When we read\\xa0 Jane Austen\\u2019s Emma, we got to see a\\xa0 view of elegance, calmness and beauty- the upwardly mobile middle class was growing, but as we said, it was a relatively small group- Austen\\u2019s world was not the reality for almost all of the residents in London.\\xa0 At the beginning of the 1700s London had 600,000 residents- more or less- by the time Blake was born- this number is up to almost a million- it\\u2019s growing too fast.\\xa0 This is an enormous amount of people at this time- the second largest city was Bristol and it only had 30,000. \\xa0 The rich were a very very tiny minority. Images of poverty were everywhere.\\xa0 Lots of people were out of work because machines were doing more and more jobs, the streets were unsanitary with human and animal waste, the air was unclean, and for the thousands of homeless or those living in inadequate and crowded housing there was no such thing as unemployment benefits or social services.\\xa0 School was not even compulsory.\\xa0 For every 1000 children born in London during this time period, almost half would be dead before they turned 2- due to malnutrition, bad water, poor hygiene and other aspects of poverty.\\xa0 Suicide was common.\\xa0 Executions were public.\\xa0 Violence was rampant. There were high numbers of orphans and what they called \\u201cfoundlings\\u2019- children abandoned by their mothers.\\xa0 Being a single mother during this period was absolutely impossible- you couldn\\u2019t get a job, you couldn\\u2019t feed yourself, so, often, it was merciful to drop a child off at a charity hospital.\\xa0 London was the sex capital of Europe at the time with large numbers of prostitutes- one job available to women.\\xa0\\xa0\\xa0

Ugh- and London today is one of my favorite cities in the world.\\xa0 What challenges!!!\\xa0 William Blake from his earliest ages roamed the streets of this city and took in all of these sights and although his family was not starving- they were not rich and isolated into the party life of Bath- He, like everyone else during this era, witnessed a lot of things that would be disturbing.\\xa0

And from what we know of him he is highly intuitive, what he called imaginative, but also highly empathetic.\\xa0 It appears he feels a lot of the pain that he sees in the different people he meets.\\xa0\\xa0

Yes- of course imaginative means creative- but when Blake talks about himself being imaginative- he means it in an unusual way- a spiritual way.\\xa0 He was raised in church,\\xa0 was read the Bible every day, but his family were separatists meaning they did not support the Church of England- the established church.\\xa0 Beyond that, Blake had visions all of his life.\\xa0 He started having visions as early as age 4 of God\\u2019s face at his bedroom window. \\xa0 He saw angels sitting in trees at age 8.\\xa0 He claimed to have talked to the Archangel Gabriel and the Virgin Mary.\\xa0 His parents worried that he was crazy, but Blake didn\\u2019t think of it that way.\\xa0 He considered it a part of his imagination.\\xa0 Later on in life when he talked about his visions he said this, \\u201cYou can see what I see, if you choose.\\xa0 You have only to work up imagination to the state of vision, and the thing is done.\\u201d \\xa0 He felt connected to the world in a way that\\u2019s different than most people.

Well, his parents thought his imagination would be more productively served by putting him in art school.\\xa0

Understandably, which they did at age 10 and where he stayed until he was fourteen- something that would have cost his family quite a lot of money actually. At 14, they pulled him out and he became apprenticed to an engraver where he worked and spent 7 years learning his trade. \\xa0 This of course was going to give direction to the rest of his life. \\xa0 Now Garry, when I think of engraving, I think of places like Things Remembered at the mall or having a monogrammed necklace from Etsy- but in his case- although, that\\u2019s a little bit like it- that\\u2019s a far cry from an illustrated book that is handmade from engravings .\\xa0 Take a second to explain how engraving worked.\\xa0

Sure, it was actually a process that was a couple of hundred years old when Blake got into it, but it\\u2019s a sophisticated process and actually several processes normally done by several people- although eventually Blake\\xa0 innovated ways that he and his wife could do it all themselves.\\xa0 But initially as in the case of Blake, apprentices would go out and copy things in the world with pencil and paper.\\xa0 They would come back and these would be etched on plates with acid by other artisans- something that could be difficult and unpredictable as you might imagine.\\xa0 Then you\\u2019d get ink and rub it into the lines (for the intanglio style)- and wipe the surface clean with rags and the palm of your hand.\\xa0 From there you\\u2019d go to the press and print on paper- but very nice expensive paper.\\xa0 Now, you must remember, these were illuminated meaning they were in color- so after they were printed they were colored. When Blake went into business for himself he made his own watercolors- every copy of an illuminated book is a unique piece of art work and even if the same person made several the same day from the same ink- they wouldn\\u2019t be exactly alike. It\\u2019s- very very labor intensive.\\xa0 And really, most of it wasn\\u2019t considered creative- engravers were artisans more than artists and therefore the low men on the artistic totem pole- to use that expression\\u2026and even though Blake became a member of the Royal Academy- he was never given the glory and distinction of other types of artists.

There are hierarchies everywhere- even amongst artists.

Of course, they\\u2019re evolutionary and inescapable.\\xa0 But speaking of social hierarchies, there is a really famous story people tell about Blake working at Westminster Abbey as a young apprentice.\\xa0 He would go in there and copy the statues of the kings and queens of England as well as other Gothic pieces of art- something you can see influenced his style when you look at his illustrations anyway- one day a bunch of boys came in and\\xa0 bullied him while he was trying to work.\\xa0 So, Here is a working boy etching in the Abbey when these students from the prestigious Westminster School come in.\\xa0 It appears they were so mean, that Blake knocked one boy off a scaffold to the ground and to use Blake\\u2019s words he fell \\u201cwith terrific violence\\u201d.\\xa0 Blake then went off and complained to the Dean about their harassment, and THEY got in trouble and weren\\u2019t allowed in there anymore.

That\\u2019s awesome- exactly how you want a bully story to work out- the bully gets beat up AND gets in trouble from the authorities- they don\\u2019t usually work out like that.

True - he did finish his apprenticeship and could therefore work as a professional engraver himself- which he did.\\xa0 He actually worked for a man named ____________Johnson who was a radical publisher of a lot of political materials including Mary Shelley\\u2019s mother- Mary Godwin Wollstonecraft- who he did an engraving for.\\xa0\\xa0\\xa0

One part I like is that 1782, when Blake is 25 years old he meets and marries a girl by the name of Catherine Boucher.\\xa0 When he met her she was illiterate to the point that she signed the wedding contract with an X.\\xa0 However, this is so sweet, he taught her to read, to write AND to engrave.\\xa0

\\xa0They had a real partnership.\\xa0 They worked together their entire lives.\\xa0 This is jumping to the end, but on the day of Blake\\u2019s death it is said, Blake turned to his wife and said, \\u201cStay Kate! Keep just as you are- I will draw your portrait- for you have ever been an angel to me.\\u201d \\xa0 After that, he laid down his tools, began to sing hymns and verses, promised his wife he would be with her always and then died.\\xa0 He was buried at the dissenter\\u2019s burial ground and only five people were there.\\xa0 His wife, after he died, moved in with one of their friends and worked as a housekeeper for the rest of her life.

Wow!\\xa0 What an ending!\\xa0 So, ready to move from his life to his ideas and to the pieces of literature we\\u2019re reading today?

Let\\u2019s do it. \\xa0 In 1789, Blake printed the first few copies of a series called Songs of Innocence.\\xa0 Five years later, he wrote a complimentary work called Songs of Experience and he bound these together with more illuminated plates- he titled the combined work The Songs of Innocence and Experience: shewing two sides of the human soul.\\xa0

\\xa0For Blake there was always two ways to see everything in the world.\\xa0 He often would say, \\u201cTruth is always in the extremes!\\u201d\\xa0 This work he specifically said was to see the dualities of life.

There\\u2019s another great Blake quote where he says, \\u201cThe tree which moves some to tears of joy is in the eyes of others only a green thing which stands in the way\\u2026as a man is, so he sees.\\u201d

Yes- that came out of a letter where Blake talks about imagination.\\xa0 For Blake, imagination was everything and apparently he would look around the world and just see things- things other people didn\\u2019t see- as a man is, so he sees- is what he said- and he would draw them, paint them, write them and even sing them. But don\\u2019t take this to be one of those cliched- glass half empty half full ways of looking at the world.\\xa0 That would be to miss his point entirely.\\xa0

\\xa0What he does in Songs FEELS so simple and straight forward because he uses simple words, simple pictures, simple rhymes- but it\\u2019s deep- it seems everything Blake did was nuanced- complicated.

Well, if you think about his creative process, it makes sense that each word would be thoughtful.\\xa0 When Blake wrote a poem, he didn\\u2019t just jot something down on a napkin or type it into a computer where he could backspace and edit at will- he etched it onto metal- and he had to do it backwards so when you printed the book, it would read correctly.\\xa0 Each word was a labor- each word was thought-filled- each page illuminated and decorated with pictures.

Yes- and the pictures that he put on the pages weren\\u2019t\\xa0 illustrations of things he was writing about- things he could cut and paste from the internet- they also were labor intensive and creative- they were commentary-rhetorical part of the work itself- all of it fit together- the colors, the images the words- all are part of his story.\\xa0\\xa0

Which everyone should and can look at.\\xa0 On our website we have a link to blakearchives.org where you can see all of these.\\xa0

For the book Songs of Innocence- he made 31 plates- and from those he made 17 copies of the book-

\\xa0so this method makes things going viral slightly difficult.\\xa0

\\xa0Impossible- The poems are short and are meant to resemble nursery rhymes.\\xa0 They have meter, mostly iambic and anapestic and a lot of them are addressed to children- except they are definitely NOT intended for children to read.\\xa0 On the surface, many of them appear na\\xefve and joyful- the introduction has a narrator who is a piper happily piping when he sees a child on a cloud.\\xa0 These poems express inncencence as this state of happiness and obedience- doing what you\\u2019re told with no fear or suspicion- you can already see where this is going- it\\u2019s the natural state of childhood, so these poems are mostly about children- a time where we are at poinnocense.\\xa0 These poems are represented as songs- that connotes happy- and honestly- there are those that say William Blake had all of them put to music.

Well, even if Blake didn\\u2019t in the 1960s, American poet, Allen Ginsburg did- although I wouldn\\u2019t suggest Ginsburg\\u2019s were beautiful songs- if you listen to Ginsburg\\u2019s versions on Spotify they\\u2019re kind of unpleasant- and in that vein of musical legacy- did you know that U2 named one of their albums songs of innocence and a second one songs of experience?

No, I didn\\u2019t know that, but to be honest, after Joshua Tree, I\\u2019m not sure I could name any other u2 album.\\xa0 But the poems in Songs of Innocence are full of open spaces, lots of nature- seemingly simple things\\u2026but as you\\u2019ll see when we read Songs of Innocence- they are not that- they are full of political, social and religious commentary.\\xa0 So we\\u2019re going to read now- his poem called Chimney-Sweeper from the collection Songs of Innocence.\\xa0 This poem is from the perspective of an innocent child- but the child is a Chimney sweeper- one of the cruelest jobs a child could have.\\xa0 Tell us about it?

Little boys as young as six were often sold by their parents who couldn\\u2019t afford to feed them.\\xa0 They were then sent up dangerous and dark chimneys.\\xa0 There was a House Report on Sweeps that came out at the time that illustrated just how dangerous this job was, especially for children.\\xa0 Sweeps had high rates of cancer because of the exposure to soot.\\xa0 They also had a slew of respiratory ailments.\\xa0 They got a lot of broken bones, and just the work itself stunted their growth.\\xa0 It was a life that would be haunted by death every single day.\\xa0\\xa0

What you\\u2019re going to see is a poem of social protest. \\xa0 In this poem a child is innocent and he doesn\\u2019t understand his reality.\\xa0 Blake is going to use a play on words because notice how the word weep weep weep sounds an awful lot like sweep sweep sweep and then sleep.\\xa0 The child\\u2019s na\\xefve innocence is frightening to us because we know more than the child does how wrong his reality is.\\xa0 He thinks being sad is normal, but we know it isn\\u2019t.\\xa0 When we get to the middle of the poem, little Tom Dacre has a dream which let\\u2019s us know he\\u2019s been sold a false bill of good- he\\u2019s been told he just needs to hold out for the next life- and if he hangs in here and does his duty in this one- in the next one he\\u2019ll be happy.\\xa0 The last line, \\u201cif all do their duty, they need not fear harm.\\u2019 Is stated very simply and cheerfully but it\\u2019s supposed to make the reader angry.\\xa0\\xa0

And who is the reader?

Excellent question- because he answers it- right after he says weep weep, he says so \\u201cYOU\\u201dRE chimney\\u2019s I sweep. The child talks in the second person- the reader- us- are people who want clean chimneys and so we\\u2019re willing to have children sleep in soon.\\xa0 The illuminated plates, btw, in this poem are of small, dancing children- and they are natural extensions of the vines and leaves- all the children have a light happy quality, it\\u2019s green and the whole thing looks like a paradise- so you can see what I mean when I say the picture is part of the commentary.\\xa0 This is what the children SHOULD be doing- not what we read in the poem.\\xa0\\xa0

I think we\\u2019re ready to read- let\\u2019s do it.\\xa0 Garry- read the first three stanzas.\\xa0

Read Stanza 1-3

\\xa0What are your thoughts so far?

Well, it\\u2019s certainly written in the language of a nursery rhyme.\\xa0 But we feel pity for the boy.\\xa0 He\\u2019s looking for the bright side of getting his head shaved and the speaker basically says, it\\u2019s okay- it will keep your hair from being gross.\\xa0 Of course, even today we feel the cringe of guilt because all of us absolutely agree that this is horrifically wrong but are also\\xa0 guilty, in large part, of ignoring the plight of child labor around the world.\\xa0 In a sense, we\\u2019re asleep.

Exactly-now let\\u2019s read the rest of the poem.\\xa0 In this part Tom is going to have a dream where an angel comes with a key- as we know- keys are often symbols of freedom because they unlock things.\\xa0 Tom\\u2019s dream is beautiful- the boys dive in the river, wash away the soon, play in the warmth of the sun- which is capitalized.\\xa0 But then we get the judgement to the readers\\u2019s again.\\xa0 The Angel speaks- but the irony we pick up is what the angel says- he says if the boy is a good boy he\\u2019ll have God as his father and he\\u2019ll never want joy- what a play on words.\\xa0 The word \\u201cwant\\u201d can mean he\\u2019ll never lack it, or it may mean he won\\u2019t want it.\\xa0 When we get to the final stanza Tom wakes up in the dark cold morning.\\xa0 He\\u2019s happy with hope, but Blake has already communicated to his readers that this hope is false.\\xa0 Garry\\u2019s let\\u2019s read it.

Read Stanzas 4-6

What are your thoughts here.\\xa0\\xa0

Well, the word innocence, obviously is being used by Blake to mean unexpanded consciousness.\\xa0 The child is innocent because he is not aware, but we ARE aware- the condemnation of the exploiters is unambiguous.\\xa0 Blake is heartbroken at the plight of the children around him- these children- who he names- representative, no doubt, of the London children he knew= Ned, Dick, Joe, and Jack-\\xa0 are clearly denied the human experience- and although his example of child suffering is very specific, it is not hard to extrapolate across time and space.\\xa0 If that is the Song of Innocence, I can\\u2019t imagine what the song of experience is going to be like.

Well, for one thing it\\u2019s shorter.\\xa0 This poem is only three stanzas- that\\u2019s half the length of the one we just read.\\xa0 In some ways it\\u2019s very similar.\\xa0 It plays again with the sound of \\u201cweep\\u201d.\\xa0 There\\u2019s images of snow \\u2013 the cold- and the black soot that goes with the job.\\xa0 The difference in this poem, is that the child is no longer innocent. He knows who\\u2019s responsible for his plight.\\xa0 He knows where the blame falls- who did this to him.\\xa0 He also knows that there is no angel.\\xa0 There is no sun.\\xa0 There is not river- no naked innocence.\\xa0 In this version, there is dialogue.\\xa0 There is dehumanization.\\xa0 The first line \\u201cA little black thing among the snow\\u201d- this is not a racial statement- he is a dirty thing in the cold and he is crying.\\xa0 Someone asks the child where his parents are- and he responds- Garry \\u2013 Read stanza 1

A little black thing among the snow,

Crying \\u201cweep! weep!\\u201d in notes of woe!

\\u201cWhere are thy father and Mother? Say?\\u201d

They are both gone up the church to pray.

A couple things to notice is that this poem has lots of punctuation- Blake makes the reader stop between each word weep- after\\xa0 mother and father, after woe.\\xa0 But the blame is clear- the responsibility for the despearation of this child falls at the foot of the church.\\xa0 Now, remember, Blake\\u2019s family were dissenters.\\xa0 They read the Bible for themselves- they knew the truth of Scripture as it was written in the Holy Bible- and it is from this place that we see Blake\\u2019s rage.\\xa0 How could the organization responsible for implementing Jesus\\u2019s words, \\u201cLet the little children come to me\\u201d or his actions- the only miracle repeated in the New Testament is Jesus multiplying bread- how can this organization use their authority in this way.\\xa0 Let\\u2019s read the rest of this poem.\\xa0 This poem is frank.\\xa0 It\\u2019s pessimistic.

Because I was happy upon the heath,

And smil\\u2019d among the winter\\u2019s snow,

They clothed me in the clothes of death,

And taught me to sing the notes of woe.

\\u201cAnd because I am happy and dance and sing.,

They think they have done me no injury,

And are gone to praise God and his Priest and King,

Who make up a heaven of our misery.\\u201d

One of the things to notice is that he uses the pronoun \\u201cthey\\u201d- which isn\\u2019t clear.\\xa0 Who clothed him in clothes of death- his parents?\\xa0 What are clothes of death- well, it seems to me it\\u2019s the soot covered clothes that have made him black- the ones that will kill him.\\xa0 But they is in the plural- and I think the blame is to be spread around.\\xa0 His parents are resp9onsible to keep him clothed and safe.\\xa0 The church is responsible to keep him clothed and safe.\\xa0 But he also throws the word King- and I would suggest, that is deliberate as well.\\xa0 The State is equally liable- all and deliberately ignoring what is in their best interest to ignore- that the child labor propping up their way of life is immoral, unchristian dare I say- demonic.\\xa0\\xa0

And it implies in this last stanza, that they are quite happy to delude themselves.\\xa0 They think of themselves as good people because they go to church and practice all these good things while ignoring the responsibilities given to them.

Which takes us to this last line which is actually a paradox- a paradox is something that doesn\\u2019t seem like it would make sense- but look how interesting of a turn of phrase- make up a heaven of our misery- they make their lives better- they make their lives a heaven on the backs of the chimney sweepers- and the sweeper in this poem knows it.\\xa0\\xa0

It seems Blake has taken the chimney sweeper and made him a symbol for how easy it is to turn a blind eye to the exploitation of the poor and helpless in any society in pursuit of our own comfort and luxury- a lesson that, of course, resonates throughout the ages and across the globe.

Indeed it does.

And so, in this spirit of conviction inspired by the endless words of Blake, we close out our time in Regency England- as it delights and challenges us.\\xa0 Next week we\\u2019ll be back on the other side of the Atlantic with F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Great Gatsby- that will be a great series.\\xa0 So, please join us next week, but between now and then, please stop in to see us on any of our social media platforms: FB. Insta, Twitter, Linked In, visit our website for copies of this poem, links to the Willima Blake Archives, copies of the poem, and of course free listening guides.\\xa0\\xa0

Don\\u2019t forget- of course- to text this episode to a friend- peace out!

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