Night - Elie Wiesel - Episode #2 - Irony And The Journey To The Camps
b'
Night - Elie Wiesel - Episode #2 - Irony And The Journey To The Camps
\\xa0
Hi, I\\u2019m Christy Shriver.
\\xa0
I\\u2019m Garry Shriver, and this is the How to Love Lit Podcast.\\xa0 This month, we are learning from one of planet earth\\u2019s greatest advocates for peace, the holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel.\\xa0 Last week, we spent the entire episode discussing his life and really his calling which is a bit unusual for us.\\xa0 Because, even though we always discuss historical context of any author and piece of literature, Wiesel\\u2019s story deserves a closer and more developed look.
\\xa0
True, and in some sense we didn\\u2019t even scratch the surface.\\xa0 There is a lot to unpack and a lot that we, as humans, truly NEED to absorb from this great man.\\xa0 So, today, we are going to begin the process of unpacking this very short but powerful account of one of the modern world\\u2019s most inhumane moments.\\xa0 And there is a lot to process.\\xa0 Beware that there is a lot of historical context, so these episodes really do lean towards a historical discussion agaom more so perhaps than a literary one, but in this case, I think it\\u2019s worth it.\\xa0 So, I truly don\\u2019t want to dawdle or take away another minute because we have a lot of ground to cover.\\xa0 It starts with young 13 year old Elie.\\xa0 He starts his story by telling us about a gentle wonderful homeless \\xa0devoutly religious Jewish man who was known as Moishe the Beadle, a hack of all trades in a Hasidic house of prayer in a small town in Translylvania.\\xa0\\xa0 Garry, how to we\\xa0 understand what that means?
\\xa0
Well, there are a lot of different things going on in the world that require us to understand a little bit of context.\\xa0 First let\\u2019s start with Judaism.\\xa0 Judaism is the world\\u2019s oldest monotheist religion.\\xa0 It\\u2019s older than Christianity and Islam which are also monotheist religions.\\xa0 Judaism is over 4000 years old.\\xa0 It is also very different from Christianity because it\\u2019s more than an accepted system of beliefs- although it definitely involves what you believe about the nature of the world.\\xa0 But Judaism \\xa0is an ethnic religion- which for many Western people is a foreign concept.\\xa0 For most in the West, one\\u2019s religion is one thing and one\\u2019s ethnicity although often may be the same as those in your church- are not intertwined.\\xa0 For this reason it\\u2019s not dangerous or even unusual for Western people to change religions- Justin Bieber has recently done that; Brittany Spears has done that, Kanye West has done that- and that\\u2019s just on the North American continent- we just don\\u2019t think of religion as a cultural identity.\\xa0 Of course Judaism isn\\u2019t the only religion that is deeply connected with a national or historical heritage. Islam or even to some degree Buddhism has a strong ethnic component.\\xa0 With Judaism this ethnic heritage is even deeper because the Jewish community for so many hundreds of years didn\\u2019t have its own homeland or a physical space- so to be Jewish in many ways, meant to be genetically connected, historically connected, culturally connected and religiously connected.\\xa0 The heritage is rich, it is old and it is traditionally complex which takes us to the case in Hungary- which if you remember from last week is in Eastern Europe. The Jewish community, although they were definitely Hungarian they were never going to be Magyars- which is the larger Hungarian ethnic group.\\xa0 And when it came to the Nazis and the squeeze they put on the country, the loyalty to protect everyone created a conflict with one\\u2019s own need to survive.\\xa0 The story of the Jews in Hungary is strange even compared to other holocaust stories as we will see- and this was studied for five decades by the Holocaust historian Randolph Braham if you want to really get into the historical details.-
\\xa0
Well, jumping back to little Elie and Moishe- one thing that many don\\u2019t understand is that just like in Christianity which has an enormous number of different groups with the religion- the Catholics, the Baptists, the Presbyterians (which is our group, btw), the Pentecoastals, the Orthodox churches- \\xa0There are many different sects within Judaism- and although they share the same Sacred Text and have many common beliefs, how they practice their faith is very different and we see this in this first sentence.\\xa0 Moishe was a Hasidic Jew, but Elie is an Orthodox Jew.\\xa0 And although for non-Jews that doesn\\u2019t mean much, for Elie it was important.\\xa0 Hasidism was a mystical movement.\\xa0 It was a smaller group.\\xa0 It\\u2019s connected to Kabbalah and seeks to understand the essence of God.\\xa0 It talks about the connection between sacred text and experience.\\xa0 It talks about intimacy with God- the mystery of the ways of God.
\\xa0
And it\\u2019s especially important that Wiesel starts his book introducing us to this idea because this is one of the looming questions of the book.\\xa0 It was at the forefront of Wiesel\\u2019s mind.\\xa0 It\\u2019s one of the most important motifs which goes through the narrative- and if you remember what that means- it means he keeps coming back to religion in every chapter.\\xa0 It haunted him for years after it was all over.\\xa0 What about the essence of God could possibly co-exist with a place such as Aushwitz.\\xa0 How could an omniscient, omnipotent Diety ever exist in the face of such evil?\\xa0 Can Judaism explain this?\\xa0 Can the Torah or the Bible? Maybe Diety itself was just a human construct like people like Kafka were inclined to believe. But at the same time- big or Grown up author Wiesel is reminding us in the first paragraph of his book about death that this connection between flesh and spirit is essential to living well on Earth. Wiesel wants to present this to us in the form of a man.\\xa0 In the form of this beautiful man, Moishe.
\\xa0
Well, Wiesel didn\\u2019t really use that word to describe him.\\xa0 He calls him \\u201cawkward as a clown\\u201d, He\\u2019s absurdly skinny or \\u201cwaiflike\\u201d and socially awkward.\\xa0
\\xa0
That\\u2019s true- physically- beautiful probably \\xa0isn\\u2019t an inaccurate description.\\xa0 But he\\u2019s so endearing and brave and selfless.\\xa0 Elie sees this intuitively and is drawn to him.\\xa0 In chapter 1, Elie is a 13 year old teenager and defines his identity first and foremost as an observant practicing Jew.\\xa0 He studies the Talmud all day (which is the an extremely important source of Jewish religious and at the heart of the Jewish community).
\\xa0
Exactly, Elie is a practicing Orthodox Jew which we need to contrast for a modern audience with reform Judaism.\\xa0 If you are a non-religious person or a Christian, these terms may sound foreign- and we don\\u2019t have time to really get into the details.\\xa0 If you are reading this book as a class, understanding these elements would be a great research assignment.\\xa0 But to generalize, as with all religions, some groups are more traditional, others are more liberal.\\xa0 Just to keep it simple and generalized, a reformed Jew would be\\xa0 more liberal than a conservative Jew who would be more liberal than an Orthodox Jews who would be conservative but there is even a range there, but a Hasidic Jew would be an even smaller group within the Orthodox side.\\xa0 In the United States only about 10% of Jews consider themselves Orthodox.\\xa0 This number is twice as high in Israel, which makes sense.\\xa0
\\xa0
The takeaway here is that at age 13, Elie is very serious about his faith- and in fact, as we saw last week, really wanted to go to Israel and eventually did so.\\xa0 He comes from a conservative and observant family and he wants to go even more observant than that.\\xa0 So much so that his father tries to hold him back some from getting too much into it.\\xa0
\\xa0
And the book starts with Elie\\u2019s relationship with this homeless man \\xa0who is clearly very very intelligent.\\xa0 And he\\u2019s willing to talk to him about the mystical door to knowing God even more.\\xa0 The word \\u201cShekinah\\u201d means the present of God.\\xa0 Ellie wants to feel God\\u2019s presence and he seeks that.\\xa0 He pursues that.\\xa0 But Moishe the Beadle has a problem.\\xa0 He is poor, he\\u2019s weird, he\\u2019s homeless, and he\\u2019s also a foreigner and because of this was crammed into a cattle car and taken away- and incredibly everyone just discounted it.\\xa0 That sort of thing happens- at least that is the thinking that Elie expresses as the common view of the community- which makes total sense.\\xa0 There is one quote that Elie specifically remembers and records, \\u201cWhat do you expect?\\u2026that\\u2019s war\\u2026.\\u201d\\xa0 There is such irony in that remark which we\\u2019re getting ready to talk about.\\xa0
\\xa0
Well of course- the irony is that knowing the end of the story does nothing to relieve the tension.\\xa0 It actually increases it.\\xa0 In this case, Moishe the Beadle survives and returns to Sighet to recount the most absurd and horrific story imaginable.\\xa0 He vividly describes what today we all know is documented fact recorded by the perpetrators themselves.\\xa0 Jews being forced to dig large holes in the ground and the Gestapo shooting their victims one at a time, tossing infants into the air as target practice for machine guns, all being dropped into the freshly dug trenches.\\xa0 It\\u2019s 1942.\\xa0 It\\u2019s a story so unimaginable that it is completely ignored- but we as readers know it\\u2019s all true.\\xa0 And it\\u2019s ignored for two solid years.
\\xa0
For me that is the power of chapter 1- the slow passing of time, 1941, 1942, 1943 and then 1944.\\xa0 Although, Wiesel never says this one tnme, the message is undeniable- we should have and could have left.\\xa0 Even as late as 1944 Sighet is thriving.\\xa0 There is discussion in the Wiesel household of immigrating to Palestine, but his father isn\\u2019t interested.\\xa0 Ellie calls it being ruled by delusion.\\xa0
\\xa0
Of course there are reasons for this- that are well beyond the understanding of a child living it, but now we know.\\xa0 If you look at a map of Eastern Europe, you will see that Hungary is in kind of a bad spot.\\xa0 It borders Germany directly.\\xa0 And of course, we can look back and judge decisions that were made, but that is the arrogance of the present inserting itself, so we don\\u2019t want to do that.\\xa0 And the details of what happened in Hungary are definitely complicated, but the bottom line is this- Hungary, as early as 1938 was a full-fledged ally with Germany and had already established many anti-Jewish laws.\\xa0 And this is an over-simplication- but because of this- Germany really wasn\\u2019t in a super-hurry to annihilate Hungarian Jews.
\\xa0
Kind of like, we can do that anytime- we\\u2019ll do the other more difficult countries first.\\xa0
\\xa0
Something like that.\\xa0 And the results were good- where in other places in Eastern Europe, like Poland, the Jews were being systematically annihilated. Hungary was able to protect most of its 825,000 Jewish citizens- the exception being the foreign Jews and this is what we see here with Moishe.\\xa0 That\\u2019s what makes it possible to understand why by 1944, the Hungarian Jews haven\\u2019t left yet when they\\u2019ve had five years to do so.\\xa0 It was delusion.\\xa0 And unfortunately, when things begin to happen, all the elements are there to make things happen quickly.\\xa0
\\xa0
Wiesel is quick to point this out even through this childlike narrarator, little Elie.\\xa0 Budapest radio announces that the Fascist party had seized power.\\xa0 The next day German troops penetrate Hungarian territory.\\xa0 Three days after that, German soldiers were in the streets of little Sighet and quartered in homes of Jewish families who ironically fed and hosted them.
\\xa0
And what Elie doesn\\u2019t know, or even any Jewish adult, is that their fate had already been decided.\\xa0 In March of 1944 there were 750,000 Jews in Hungary.\\xa0 By July 440,000 had been deported to Auschwitz.\\xa0 By the end of the war, that number goes to 570,000.\\xa0 And this doesn\\u2019t even start to happen until the very end of the war- remember DD is June 6th \\xa01944. \\xa0The surrender of the German army is May 8th, the next year.\\xa0 So, by this point, the German defeat was obvious, the secret about the genocide was mostly exposed in many corners of the world, even many Jewish leaders in Budapest knew exactly what was going on, but as we see through Elie\\u2019s eyes, the understanding of regular people living regular lives was so very different.\\xa0
\\xa0
Incredibly different, Wiesel even points out that they actually liked some of the soldiers.\\xa0 One soldier bought a box of chocolates for his \\u201chost\\u201d family, if you want to call them that since he forced his way into their home.\\xa0 And here is where I want to talk about the most powerful literary technique in this entire book- Wiesel\\u2019s use of irony.\\xa0 When you hear the word irony- you immediately think of the word \\u201copposite\\u201d. Irony means opposite- and of course- we know there are three kids of irony.\\xa0\\xa0 The most easily recognizeable form of irony is verbal irony- when I say one thing but I mant he opposite- of which sarcasm is a subset- so if you do something really tacky- and you mom says, \\u201coh that\\u2019s cute\\u201d- you know probably by her tone that she doesn\\u2019t think it\\u2019s cute at all- she\\u2019s annoyed and it\\u2019s the opposite of cute.\\xa0 So, that\\u2019s verbal irony.\\xa0 There\\u2019s another kind of irony that is harder to see and that\\u2019s situational irony- that is when a situation is the exact opposite of what it should be- which is what we\\u2019re seeing with the chocolate boxes.\\xa0 Wiesel is pointing out not that the soldiers are nice by giving their host a box of chocolates- they are there to do the opposite of nice- they are literally there to put them in a car, take them to an oven and put them in it- and here we\\u2019re talking aobut cholocate boxes- that situation is the opposite of what we should be seeing and that\\u2019s irony.
\\xa0
Well, and then there\\u2019s that third kind of irony which to me is the prominent one in the entire book.
\\xa0
For sure.\\xa0 The entire narrative is built on Dramatic irony- and dramatic irony is when the reader knows something the characters in the story don\\u2019t know- and it\\u2019s the power of of the dramatic irony that really nmakes this first chapter feel so sad.\\xa0 We know that Hilda will never find an appropriate match in Sighet.\\xa0 We know that Moishe is the one telling the truth, we know the German soldiers are not nice, we know they should be doing anything and everything they can to get out of there, and yet they don\\u2019t.\\xa0 And Wiesel\\u2019s very understated writing style underscores this delusion by referencing the 8 days of Passover- the last Passover they would spend together as a family.\\xa0 His mother busily cooking in traditional feast.\\xa0 The singing that was happening in every Rabbi\\u2019s house.\\xa0 And then on the seventh day of the Passover, they edicts began to come forth- and Moishe leaves forever.
\\xa0
The story of Sighet is the story of every Jewish town.\\xa0 The Germans were systematic.\\xa0 First they took all their valuables, next they required all Jews to wear the yellow star of David and then they created the ghettos.\\xa0 In Brahman\\u2019s historical record, we find that there were all these deals and deceptions going on between the SS and the Jewish community.\\xa0 The Jewish leadership was trying to bribe their way to stalling til the end of the war, and the SS were happy to take their money, but the deals that were being made were all lies.\\xa0 They were moving forward and getting everyone to self-identify, self-isolate in areas that were easy to identify and easy to systematically take out.\\xa0 It\\u2019s incredible how efficient the Nazi system had gotten.\\xa0 In Poland, where the death camps were actually located, it had taken five years for the Nazis to annihilate the Jews and there had been resistance, most famous in the Warsaw Ghetto.\\xa0 This was not the case in Hungary.\\xa0
\\xa0
That\\u2019s a good point to make, and if you go to our website, I\\u2019ve posted a Powerpoint with pictures that I\\u2019ve used to show my classes what this looked like.\\xa0 But all Jews had to self-identify by sewing a yellow star on their outfits and according to Wiesel, there was a bit of discussion by his parents as to whether this was a good idea.\\xa0 His father made one of the most terribly ironic statements in the entire book.\\xa0 He says this, \\u201cThe yellow star? So what? It\\u2019s not lethal\\u2026\\u201d
And of course, as we read that, we know that\\u2019s completely the opposite of the truth.\\xa0 It\\u2019s the most lethal thing imaginable because that\\u2019s how the Nazi\\u2019s knew you were a Jew and if you were a Jew you were to be loaded up and taken away.\\xa0
\\xa0
And so we are going to see Elie\\u2019s world contract.\\xa0 First he lives in a small town.\\xa0 Then they are separated and forced to live into two ghettos. All by German design to facilitate the deportation.\\xa0 And the irony is- the Germans didn\\u2019t have to do anything.\\xa0 The Jews did all the leg work.\\xa0 They identified themselves, they moved themselves, they even boarded the trains voluntarily.\\xa0
\\xa0
Now, again let me interrupt, I think it\\u2019s worth defining the term \\u201cghetto\\u201d, as with all language, this is a term who\\u2019s meaning has evolved since 1944.\\xa0\\xa0\\xa0 A ghetto, like what Wiesel is talking about is a part of the city, a neighborhood where Jews are legally forced to live.\\xa0 It doesn\\u2019t necessarily mean it\\u2019s crime ridden- in fact, I would say most of the time they weren\\u2019t.\\xa0 Jews traditionally, even those that are very poor, took great pride in their living quarters and keep them nice.\\xa0 It\\u2019s just that they are forced to live in certain sections.\\xa0 The Germans didn\\u2019t even invent this concept, there have been ghettos where Jews are forced to live for thousands of years.\\xa0 There\\u2019s one that even dates to 1280 in Morocco.\\xa0 So, when Ellie says they were forced to live in the ghetto- that means that everyone who lived in that neighborhood who wasn\\u2019t a Jew had to get out- and everyone who was Jew just had to move in- no matter if they had a house of not.\\xa0 So, it appears to be pretty chaotic.\\xa0 The good news for Elie is that he already lived in the ghetto so he didn\\u2019t even have to move.\\xa0 But since he had family members who did not, they had to have family members move in with them.
\\xa0
True, and this is where this first person narrator through the eyes of a child enables us as readers to understand that as a kid, this was all strange, overwhelming, scary \\xa0but not particularly terrifying- just annoying.\\xa0 Since they lived on the edge of the ghetto, the Germans made them board up the window that faced the part of town that wasn\\u2019t the ghetto, and the relatives were living there- but it\\u2019s not really all that scary.\\xa0 In fact, it was 1944, the Germans were obviously losing, so most people thought this was just a temporary thing.\\xa0 Kids are still playing in the streets.\\xa0 They are still celebrating religious holidays..Elie makes this comment, \\u201cWE were in Ezra Malik\\u2019s garden studying a Talmudic treatise\\u2026\\u201d it\\u2019s like life is just moving on..until his father is called into a Jewish Council meeting and the news is delivered by the Gestapo that the Ghettos are to be liquidated.
\\xa0
Of course, we\\u2019ve all seen the photos, and if you haven\\u2019t, go to Christy\\u2019s Powerpoint or google pictures of this, but it\\u2019s one of those things that scars the memory of common humanity.\\xa0 Men and women pack up their own satchels, put their belongings in suitcases and voluntarily board trains where they will be taking to be murdered.\\xa0 There is no greater irony.
\\xa0
And Wiesel highlights two more opportunites to escape that they choose not to. take\\xa0 Their housekeeper comes and begs to take the children with her to her home (she\\u2019s a Hungarian national)- Ellie\\u2019s father says no.\\xa0 Also, a friend of Elie\\u2019s father, a police man who was also Hungarian pounded on that boarded window.\\xa0 He had promised Elie\\u2019s dad that he would warn then if it was bad.\\xa0 He knocked and knocked but they didn\\u2019t answer the knock, so they didn\\u2019t get to hear whatever warning he had to offer.\\xa0 Ellie writes these memories as they must have haunted him.\\xa0 There were so many missed opportunities if you look back them and he highlights them.\\xa0
\\xa0
Wiesel illustrates through his description of the. Liquidation of the the ghettos in Sighet what history now understands to have been going on all over Hungary.\\xa0 The Jewish masses absolutely had no idea about the death camps.\\xa0 The actual deportations to take place in Hungary implementing Hitler\\u2019s Final Solution took only 54 days to complete.\\xa0 Let that sink in- the SS annialiated 570,000 humans in 54 days.\\xa0 The majority were going to be murdered shortly after their arrival at Auschwitz- Birkenau.\\xa0 You want to talk about irony- By the end of these 54 days Hungary will rank third in their genocide of Jews- the only two countries \\xa0where Jews experienced greater death were Poland and the Soviet Union- not even Germany itself anniliated as many Jews \\u2013 I think the number of German Jews to be executed is slightly under 200,000.
\\xa0
At the end of chapter 1, Wiesel has this to say, \\u201cTwo Gestapo officers strolled down the length of the platform.\\xa0 They were all smiles: all things considered, it had gone very smoothly.\\u201d
\\xa0
And this transitions us to the transports.\\xa0 Chapter 2 is Elie\\u2019s experience with the transports.\\xa0 The cattle cars- those awful symbols that have given the world a physical symbol outside of visiting Auschwitz a touch of what they are about.\\xa0 If you are ever blessed to visit Washington DC and the Holocaust museum, they have one you can walk inside.\\xa0 There\\u2019s another one in Dallas, in St. Petersburg, Florida- for those of us in the United States.\\xa0 And of course there is famed World Holocaust Rememberance center, Yad Vashem in Jerusalem.\\xa0 There may be other museums that have them, I just don\\u2019t know about them.
\\xa0
\\xa0
When I have live classes with students, I read this chapter outloud.\\xa0 The whole thing only takes ten minutes.\\xa0 In my room we have drawn the dimensions of the cattle car out of masking tape on the floor, reduced to reflect the number of students in my class (in other words, how it would have felt).\\xa0 I ask my kids to get all their belongings and get in the car.\\xa0 I then turn of the lights and the air-conditioner.\\xa0 And, if you do that, there are a few things you will immediately notice that Elie points out immediately.\\xa0 First, you can\\u2019t sit down.\\xa0 There is no place to go to the bathroom.\\xa0 And what we find out when we do this is in class, is that it is almost impossible to resist bothering people around you.\\xa0 And let me remind you that we are only in the car for ten minutes.\\xa0 Of course, we can\\u2019t pretend to try to replicate the feelings or the experience, but it is through Elie\\u2019s simple words, and perhaps through personal inconvenience for a brief moment, our minds can try if not understand to accept what this experience was.
\\xa0
Historically, it has all been impossible to understand and even recreate what the German railways or the Reich Bahn was really about.\\xa0 It remains one of the great mysteries of WW2.\\xa0 When the Allies entered Germany they discovered millions of files that explained how the Nazis were running this incredible war machine as well as the \\u201cFinal Solution\\u201d to the Jewish Problem, as they called it.\\xa0 But what happended in regard to the railways was conscipulously absent.\\xa0 It\\u2019s really quite shocking.\\xa0 The Reichsbahn was one of the largest organizations of the 3rd reich.\\xa0 In 1942 it employed 1.4 million people- and that doesn\\u2019t count the 400,000 workers in Russia or Poland. \\xa0Yet, there are no Reichsbahn documents anywhere.\\xa0 And not a single railway man was ever one of the defendants or even witnesses in any Nuremberg trial, and yet there is no doubt- the holocaust would not have happened without the complete participation of the Reichsbahn. \\xa0\\xa0Year after year they transported millions of Jews to the \\u201cEast\\u201d, as they called it.\\xa0
\\xa0
I noticed in one article that I read that in one of few memorandas that did survive that a secretary mentioned that Auswchitz must be quite a \\u201cmetropolis\\u201d- that was her word by just looking at the numbers.\\xa0 And of course, I saw another horrible one that said and I quote, \\u201ctoday there is going to be a new soap allocation.\\u201d\\xa0 So- there is no doubt people knew what was going on and the employees knew what they were doing.\\xa0
\\xa0
There is absolutely NO doubt whatsoever, the Reischsbahn was a technical structure which insulated it after the war from the responsibility of what happened- but many have rightfully questioned the morality of giving the railway men a pass on their part in the holocaust.\\xa0 The numbers are staggering, but let\\u2019s just think about what happened just in Hungary, there were four Jewish transports dispatched each night.\\xa0 Each one had about 45 freight cars.\\xa0 Each train carried about 3000 victims as well as their possessions.\\xa0 Between the May 14 and July 8 according to Hungarian reports there were 147 transports.\\xa0 And these were incredibly heavy.\\xa0 \\xa0\\xa0The trains were longer than usual and heavier than usual.\\xa0 Just that fact alone made them slower than usual.\\xa0 Plus in order to avoid congestions since the railroads were also being used to carry on war, the trips to the death camps often took out of the way routes that would make the main thoroughfares well congested- there was no need to rush- they were just going to kill them once they got there anyway.\\xa0
\\xa0
I guess one of the things, I didn\\u2019t think about when I first read this book, is that every transport cost money.\\xa0 The railway, was a business- and the SS were literally their clients. These were business transactions and pricing had to be negotiated and paid.\\xa0 The price, in case you were wondering, negotiated by the SS was a group fare of half of the third-class rate provided that at least 400 were being shipped.\\xa0 And how was the SS going to get the money for this?\\xa0 And this we see in Wiesel\\u2019s account.\\xa0 They paid for the transports out of the money they confiscated from the Jews themselves.\\xa0 In other words, the Jews paid for their own death train.\\xa0
\\xa0
With that in mind, I would like to read outloud to you chapter 2.\\xa0 Even if you\\u2019ve already read this chapter, listen to the inside view now having understood the bigger picture.
\\xa0
\\u201cLying down was not an option\\u2026\\u201d
Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.
'