BROADCASTS.com

b'M\\u016bsdienu cilv\\u0113kam ce\\u013co\\u0161ana var \\u0161\\u0137ist \\u0101tra un vienk\\u0101r\\u0161a, da\\u013cai sabiedr\\u012bbas p\\u0101rvieto\\u0161anas no vienas valsts uz otru ir ierasta ikdiena. Varb\\u016bt \\u0161\\u0137iet, ka ar privil\\u0113\\u0123iju br\\u012bvi ce\\u013cot esam lutin\\u0101ti tikai nesen\\u0101 pag\\u0101tn\\u0113. V\\u0113sture st\\u0101sta ko citu: cilv\\u0113ki akt\\u012bvi \\u0161\\u0137\\u0113rsoja valstu un pat kontinentu robe\\u017eas ar\\u012b laik\\u0101, kad transporta l\\u012bdzek\\u013ci bija l\\u0113ni, \\u0161oseju viet\\u0101 bija gr\\u016bti izbraucami zemes ce\\u013ci un ce\\u013cojums var\\u0113ja ieilgt vair\\u0101kus gadus. K\\u0101 cilv\\u0113ki ce\\u013coja senatn\\u0113, vai ce\\u013cmalu krogus varam d\\u0113v\\u0113t par sava laika viesn\\u012bc\\u0101m un cik dro\\u0161i bija doties cauri Eiropai kariet\\u0113, atkl\\u0101j Latvijas Universit\\u0101tes Latvijas v\\u0113stures instit\\u016bta p\\u0113tniece\\xa0v\\u0113sturniece\\xa0Mar\\u012bte Jakov\\u013ceva.\\n\\n"Paties\\u012bb\\u0101 tas, ka cilv\\u0113ki senatn\\u0113 nece\\u013coja, ir zin\\u0101ms aizspriedums, jo migr\\u0101cija un cilv\\u0113ku p\\u0101rvieto\\u0161an\\u0101s notika jau no seniem laikiem. Jau ant\\u012bkaj\\u0101 pasaul\\u0113 bija diezgan liela interese ne tikai ar ce\\u013co\\u0161anu lietder\\u012bgos nol\\u016bkos, bet vienk\\u0101r\\u0161i, lai izzin\\u0101tu pasauli un apskat\\u012btu k\\u0101dus noteiktus pieminek\\u013cus. Faktiski t\\u016brism\\u0101 pirms\\u0101kumi mekl\\u0113jami jau ant\\u012bkaj\\u0101 pasaul\\u0113," atkl\\u0101j M\\u0101r\\u012bte Jakov\\u013ceva.\\n\\n"Ja run\\u0101jam par nedaudz tuv\\u0101kiem gadsimtiem, par 16. - 18. gadsimtu, ko paz\\u012bstam k\\u0101 agros jaunos laikus, tad var teikt, ka, protams, bija cilv\\u0113ki, kas t\\u0101l\\u0101k par savu ciemu vai savu pagastu nekad nav biju\\u0161i. Taj\\u0101 pa\\u0161\\u0101 laik\\u0101 cilv\\u0113ku kust\\u012bba bija daudz liel\\u0101ka nek\\u0101 mums liekas, jo cilv\\u0113ki p\\u0101rvietoj\\u0101s gan darba mekl\\u0113jumos, gan uz tirgiem veda savu produkciju," turpina p\\u0113tniece.\\n\\n\\n"Kop\\u0161 16. gadsimta bija ar\\u012b oblig\\u0101ts pien\\u0101kums amatnieku ze\\u013c\\u013ciem ne tikai str\\u0101d\\u0101t un apg\\u016bt amatu sav\\u0101 dzimtaj\\u0101 pils\\u0113t\\u0101, bet ar\\u012b tika noteikti \\u010detri oblig\\u0101tie vander\\u0113\\u0161anas jeb ce\\u013cojumu gadi pa da\\u017e\\u0101d\\u0101m cit\\u0101m valst\\u012bm, pils\\u0113t\\u0101m un m\\u0101c\\u012bbas pie meistariem. Prakses apg\\u016b\\u0161ana ne tikai vien\\u0101 viet\\u0101, bet faktiski jaunu tehnolo\\u0123iju un jaunu zin\\u0101\\u0161anu apguve."\\n\\n\\nM\\u0101r\\u012bte Jakov\\u013ceva ar\\u012b nor\\u0101da, ka 16. gadsimt\\u0101 l\\u012bdz ar renesanses uzplaukumu izplat\\u012bj\\u0101s ar\\u012b para\\u017e\\u0101, sevi\\u0161\\u0137i augst\\u0101kaj\\u0101s aprind\\u0101s, mui\\u017enieku d\\u0113liem un ar\\u012b valdnieku d\\u0113liem, doties pasaules izzin\\u0101\\u0161anas ce\\u013cojumos beidzot k\\u0101du studiju posmu apm\\u0113ram\\xa0vecum\\u0101\\xa0no 17 l\\u012bdz 22 gadiem. T\\u0101ds\\xa0 izzin\\u0101\\u0161anas ce\\u013cojums, ko sauca par "lielo ce\\u013cojumu" jeb "kavalieru t\\u016bri".\\n\\n""Kavalieru t\\u016bre" bija viens no augst\\u0101ko aprindu izgl\\u012bt\\u012bbas oblig\\u0101tajiem pas\\u0101kumiem, tas bija tie\\u0161\\u0101m v\\u0113rsts uz to, lai izzin\\u0101tu sve\\u0161as zemes, vingrin\\u0101tos sve\\u0161valod\\u0101s, faktiski tie\\u0161i t\\u0101pat, k\\u0101 tas notiek ar\\u012b m\\u016bsdien\\u0101s," nor\\u0101da M\\u0101r\\u012bte Jakov\\u013ceva.\\n\\n\\nTa\\u010du t\\u016brisms, k\\u0101 to saprotam m\\u016bsdien\\u0101s, nebija p\\u0101r\\u0101k izplat\\u012bts, bet pasaules izzin\\u0101\\u0161ana, izgl\\u012bto\\u0161an\\u0101s pieder\\u0113ja pie sevis cieno\\u0161a augst\\u0101ko aprindu cilv\\u0113ka izgl\\u012bt\\u012bbas sist\\u0113mas, ja tu v\\u0113l\\u0113jies, lai tiktu uzskat\\u012bts, ka esi izgl\\u012btots un attiec\\u012bgi sav\\u0101m aprind\\u0101m labi situ\\u0113ts cilv\\u0113ks. T\\u0101 izplat\\u012bj\\u0101s "kavalieru t\\u016bres".\\n\\n\\nSen\\u0101kos laikos ce\\u013co\\u0161ana bija vair\\u0101k pieejama augst\\u0101kajiem sl\\u0101\\u0146iem, k\\u0101 ar\\u012b tirgot\\u0101jiem, kas vajadz\\u012bbas spiesti dev\\u0101s ce\\u013c\\u0101, t\\u0101pat k\\u0101 zemnieki dev\\u0101s uz tirgiem vai tika s\\u016bt\\u012bti mui\\u017enieku uzdevum\\u0101 \\u0161\\u0137\\u016btis pild\\u012bt.\\xa0\\n\\n"Jau 18. gadsimt\\u0101, izplatoties apgaism\\u012bbai, kad ar\\u012b arvien vair\\u0101k universit\\u0101t\\u0113 stud\\u0113ja ne tikai augst\\u0101ko aprindu, bet ar\\u012b pils\\u0113tnieku, m\\u0101c\\u012bt\\u0101ju un da\\u017e\\u0101du vid\\u0113jo sl\\u0101\\u0146u p\\u0101rst\\u0101vji, ar\\u012b viens otrs zemnieks varb\\u016bt, \\u0161\\u012b ce\\u013co\\u0161ana pirms vai p\\u0113c studij\\u0101m izplat\\u012bj\\u0101s ar\\u012b pils\\u0113tnieku vid\\u016b," atz\\u012bst M\\u0101r\\u012bte Balode.\\n\\nProtams, no praktisk\\u0101 aspekta ce\\u013co\\u0161ana \\u0161aj\\u0101 laik\\u0101 bija p\\u0101rbaud\\u012bjums, jo nebija nedz dzelzce\\u013cu, nedz \\u0161oseju, cilv\\u0113ki p\\u0101rvietoj\\u0101s k\\u0101j\\u0101, ar zirgiem, ar laiv\\u0101m, ar ratiem.\\n\\n\\n"Paties\\u012bb\\u0101 vis\\u0113rt\\u0101kais ce\\u013co\\u0161anas veids 16.- 18. gadsimt\\u0101 bija p\\u0101rvieto\\u0161an\\u0101s pa \\u016bde\\u0146iem, t\\u0101tad ar ku\\u0123iem vai laiv\\u0101m. Pa sauszemi vis\\u0113rt\\u0101k bija p\\u0101rvietoties ziem\\u0101, kad aizsala \\u016bdens ce\\u013ci un ar\\u012b purvain\\u0101s vietas, un tad p\\u0101rvietojas ar kaman\\u0101m gan upju gultn\\u0113m, gan vienk\\u0101r\\u0161i pa iebraukt\\u0101m viet\\u0101m. \\n\\n\\nGan vasar\\u0101s, gan ziem\\u0101s \\u013coti bie\\u017ei zemes ce\\u013ci k\\u013cuva neizbraucami da\\u017e\\u0101du dabas kataklizmu d\\u0113\\u013c. Ce\\u013cojums nebija viegla padar\\u012b\\u0161ana," iepaz\\u012bstina M\\u0101r\\u012bte Jakov\\u013ceva.\\n\\nLaup\\u012bt\\u0101jus visvair\\u0101k var\\u0113ja sastapt uz sauszemes ce\\u013ciem. P\\u0101rvieto\\u0161an\\u0101s pa \\u016bdeni bija atkar\\u012bga ne tikai no ku\\u0123a dro\\u0161\\u012bbas vai pir\\u0101tiem, bet no v\\u0113jiem, no dabas apst\\u0101k\\u013ciem.\\n\\nJa ir labv\\u0113l\\u012bgi laika apst\\u0101k\\u013ci, ku\\u0123is bija tas veids, ar kuru var\\u0113ja sasniegt m\\u0113r\\u0137i \\u0101tr\\u0101k. 1708. gada ce\\u013cojuma pas\\u0113 min\\u0113ts, ka ku\\u0123is izbraucis no \\u0160tr\\u0101lzundes (V\\u0101cija), un jau p\\u0113c div\\u0101m dien\\u0101m ir atz\\u012bme, ka tas ir ieradies Daugavgr\\u012bv\\u0101. Apm\\u0113ram 900 kilometru ir p\\u0101rvar\\u0113ti div\\u0101s dien\\u0101s.\\n\\nViduslaiku kartes\\n\\nJa m\\u016bsdienu cilv\\u0113kam iedotu viduslaiku karti, vi\\u0146\\u0161 ne tikai neatrastu ce\\u013cu, bet apjuktu neskait\\u0101mos simbolos, kurus lieliski p\\u0101rzin\\u0101ja viduslaiku ce\\u013cinieki. K\\u0101da bija bazn\\u012bcas loma sauszemes kart\\u0113s un k\\u0101 ce\\u013cu atrada j\\u016brnieki vair\\u0101k nek\\u0101 pirms 500 gadiem, skaidro\\xa0\\xa0v\\u0113stures zin\\u0101t\\u0146u doktors, Austrumu p\\u0113tnieks, Ekonomikas un kult\\u016bras augstskolas docents Imants \\u013bavi\\u0146\\u0161.\\n\\nZin\\u0101ms, ka viduslaikos s\\u0101cies strauj\\u0161 pils\\u0113tu uzplaukums. L\\u012bdz ar to var\\u0113tu \\u0161\\u0137ist, ka viduslaikos att\\u012bst\\u012bju\\u0161\\u0101s ar\\u012b pils\\u0113tu kartes ar ielu nosaukumiem un pl\\u0101nojumu. Ta\\u010du sarunas ies\\u0101kum\\u0101\\xa0Imants \\u013bavi\\u0146\\u0161\\xa0\\u0161o priek\\u0161statu uzreiz klied\\u0113. Par pirmaj\\u0101m kart\\u0113m k\\u0101 par ce\\u013ca r\\u0101d\\u012bt\\u0101jiem p\\u0101rvieto\\u0161an\\u0101s nol\\u016bkos var min\\u0113t t\\u0101 saucam\\u0101s portel\\u0101nu jeb j\\u016bras navig\\u0101cijas kartes, bet at\\u0161\\u0137ir\\u012bga aina v\\u0113rojama sauszemes kart\\u0113s, un par to st\\u0101sta Imants \\u013bavi\\u0146\\u0161.\\xa0\\n\\nKartogr\\u0101fijas att\\u012bst\\u012bb\\u0101 l\\u012bdz jaunajiem laikiem jeb zin\\u0101tniski konstru\\u0113t\\u0101m kart\\u0113m noiets gar\\u0161 ce\\u013c\\u0161, un bez pamatojuma ar\\u012b ieviesies uzskats, ka t\\u0101 d\\u0113v\\u0113tajos tum\\u0161ajos viduslaikos cilv\\u0113ki biju\\u0161i mazizgl\\u012btoti, bez zin\\u0101\\u0161an\\u0101m, ka p\\u0113tniekiem pieejam\\u0101 inform\\u0101cija par Zemi bijusi k\\u0101 par plakanu disku ar Jeruzalemi centr\\u0101 un ka vald\\u012bjusi B\\u012bbeles st\\u0101stu dominance. Imants \\u013bavi\\u0146\\u0161 nor\\u0101da, ka \\u0161o uzskatu j\\u0101m\\u0113\\u0123ina main\\u012bt, un l\\u012bdz ar to j\\u0101saprot, k\\u0101diem m\\u0113r\\u0137iem pirm\\u0101s kartes tika rad\\u012btas.\\n\\n\\u013bavi\\u0146a piemin\\u0113t\\u0101s Ebstorfas un Herefordas kartes izm\\u0113ros ir aptuveni 3,5 x 3,5 metri, par kar\\u0161u materi\\u0101lu izmantota \\u0101da, viena karte n\\u0101k no V\\u0101cijas, otra - no Anglijas. Un tagad acu priek\\u0161\\u0101 varam izt\\u0113loties Ebstorfas karti - pasaules ainu paties\\u012bb\\u0101 caurvij J\\u0113zus Kristus \\u0137ermenis. Kristus galva ir kartes aug\\u0161pus\\u0113, un t\\u0101 apz\\u012bm\\u0113 Austrumus. Tur atrodama ar\\u012b \\u0112dene. Kartes apak\\u0161\\u0101, kur att\\u0113lotas Kristus k\\u0101jas, ir Rietumi. Kartes pa\\u0161\\u0101 centr\\u0101 ir Jeruzaleme, un, atsaucoties v\\u0113sturnieka sarunas s\\u0101kum\\u0101 min\\u0113tajam, Jeruzalemes gad\\u012bjum\\u0101 patie\\u0161\\u0101m ir v\\u0113rojami m\\u0113\\u0123in\\u0101jumi jau att\\u0113lot kartogr\\u0101fiski Jeruzalemi k\\u0101 pils\\u0113tu - ir gan m\\u016bris, gan sargtor\\u0146i. Vai kart\\u0113 redzama ar\\u012b R\\u012bga? J\\u0101, to var mekl\\u0113t pie Kristus lab\\u0101s rokas.'