Kapec putnus sauc ta, ka tos sauc? Putnu nosaukumus peta ornitologs Maris Strazds
b'P\\u0113d\\u0113jo gadsimtu laik\\u0101 Latvij\\u0101 nov\\u0113rotas vair\\u0101k nek\\u0101 370 putnu sugas. Katrai no t\\u0101m ir savs nosaukums, gan lat\\u012bniski, gan latviski, un katram nosaukumam ir ar\\u012b savi apvidv\\u0101rdi. K\\u0101p\\u0113c st\\u0101r\\u0137i d\\u0113v\\u0113 par st\\u0101r\\u0137i un k\\u0101p\\u0113c za\\u013c\\u0101 v\\u0101rna ir nosaukta par za\\u013cu un v\\u0101rnu, lai ar\\u012b ir zila, un vai v\\u0101rds lakst\\u012bgala ir sens apz\\u012bm\\u0113jums "for\\u0161am" putnam? K\\u0101p\\u0113c putnus sauc t\\u0101, k\\u0101 tos sauc? Iepaz\\u012bstam putnu nosaukumus \\u2013 gan tos, kas radu\\u0161ies pirms ofici\\u0101liem nosaukumiem, gan tos, kuri iek\\u013cauti ofici\\u0101lo sugu sarakstos. St\\u0101sta ornitologs, Latvijas Universit\\u0101tes Biolo\\u0123ijas instit\\u016bta vado\\u0161ais p\\u0113tnieks M\\u0101ris Strazds, kur\\u0161 nodarbojas ar putnu nosaukumu v\\u0113stures izp\\u0113ti.\\n\\n"Man grib\\u0101s lietot citu apz\\u012bm\\u0113jumu - v\\u0101rdi," bilst M\\u0101ris Strazds. "V\\u0101rdi ir vajadz\\u012bgi kaut kam, ko mums vajag at\\u0161\\u0137irt, paz\\u012bt. V\\u0101rdi k\\u0101 t\\u0101di putniem ir, cik sena ir valoda. T\\u0101pat k\\u0101 v\\u0101rdus dod viet\\u0101m, lai zin\\u0101tu, par kuru ir runa, m\\u0101j\\u0101m, lai saprastu, kur\\u0101 m\\u0101j\\u0101 kur\\u0161 dz\\u012bvot. T\\u0101da pati funkcija ir v\\u0101rdiem dz\\u012bvniekiem un putniem, kas dz\\u012bvoja cilv\\u0113kiem apk\\u0101rt. \\u012asti latvisku nosaukumu vai v\\u0101rdu ne tuvu nav vis\\u0101m sug\\u0101m."\\n\\nVi\\u0146\\u0161 st\\u0101sta, ka 18. - 19. gadsimt\\u0101 zin\\u0101tnisk\\u0101 literat\\u016br\\u0101 mod\\u0113 bija\\xa0sugu nosaukumu\\xa0public\\u0113\\u0161ana\\xa0nacion\\u0101l\\u0101s valod\\u0101s. \\u0160ajos darbos ir ar\\u012b t\\u0101 laika latviskie nosaukumi, kas \\u013cauj p\\u0113t\\u012bt un sal\\u012bdzin\\u0101t. Lai ar\\u012b neviens no t\\u0101 laika p\\u0113tniekiem nav atsaucies uz tautasdziesm\\u0101m, ar\\u012b taj\\u0101s min\\u0113ti putnu nosaukumi.\\n\\n"Ja abstrah\\u0113j\\u0101s no t\\u0101, kas mums kop\\u0161 b\\u0113rnu dien\\u0101m st\\u0101st\\u012bts lirisk\\u0101 aspekt\\u0101 par dain\\u0101m, tas ir \\u0101rk\\u0101rt\\u012bgi interesants avots. Pirmaj\\u0101 br\\u012bd\\u012b bija visgr\\u016bt\\u0101k, bet pal\\u012bdz\\u0113j\\u0101 tas, k\\u0101di putni visp\\u0101r min\\u0113ti dain\\u0101s un k\\u0101p\\u0113c ir tie, kas\\xa0tur ir," atz\\u012bst M\\u0101ris Strazds.\\n\\n\\n"V\\u0101rdi ir doti putniem, kuri ir \\u0113dami, \\u013coti utilit\\u0101ra interese, jo j\\u0101zin\\u0101, ko vari \\u0113sto, ko nevari. Tiem, kas dz\\u012bvo degungal\\u0101, un tiem, kuriem ir kalend\\u0101ra funkcijas," skaidro M\\u0101ris Strazds, minot, ka \\u0161obr\\u012bt to gr\\u016bt\\u0101k izprast.\\n\\n\\nK\\u0101 piem\\u0113ru vi\\u0146\\u0161 min dz\\u0113rvi.\\xa0Launagu atnes un aiznes dz\\u0113rves. K\\u0101p\\u0113c? Dz\\u0113rves ir ska\\u013c\\u0161 putns. Vi\\u0146as nav j\\u0101redz, kad sakliedzas, var dzird\\u0113t 3-4 km att\\u0101lum\\u0101.\\n\\n\\n"\\u0160aj\\u0101 br\\u012bd\\u012b, kad dz\\u0113rves atlidoju\\u0161as, ja lauku darbi ir j\\u0101s\\u0101k ar sauli un j\\u0101beidz ar sauli, diena jau ir tik gara, ka vajag tre\\u0161o \\u0113dienreizi. Kad ruden\\u012b vi\\u0146as aizlido, tad ir br\\u012bdis, kad gar\\u0101s dienas ir beigu\\u0161\\u0101s," atkl\\u0101j M\\u0101ris Strazds. "T\\u0101dam putnam, kur\\u0161 kaut ko nosaka, ir j\\u0101b\\u016bt nosaukumam.\\xa0Pasaki, ka dz\\u0113rves atlidoju\\u0161as, ir skaidrs."\\n\\n\\nNosaukums dz\\u0113rves saist\\u012bts ar putna balsi. Vair\\u0101kiem putniem v\\u0101rds ir saist\\u012bts ar to, k\\u0101 vi\\u0146\\u0161 sauc, piem\\u0113ram, \\u016bpis, \\u010du\\u0146\\u010di\\u0146\\u0161.\\n\\nOtrs, kas nosaka, k\\u0101ds v\\u0101rds dots putnam, ir izskats.\\n\\nNeparasts ir st\\u0101sts par balto st\\u0101r\\u0137i, kas ir \\u013coti jauns ien\\u0101c\\u0113js Latvij\\u0101 ar\\u012b k\\u0101 suga.\\n\\n"Tas, kas kaut kur rakst\\u012bts, k\\u0101 senie latvie\\u0161i b\\u016bv\\u0113ja baltajam st\\u0101r\\u0137im ligzdas, ir absol\\u016btas mu\\u013c\\u0137\\u012bbas. Ir skaidri zin\\u0101ms, ka baltais st\\u0101r\\u0137is bija sastopams tikai uz dienvidiem no Daugavas. 1850. gad\\u0101 Vidzem\\u0113 \\u0161\\u012b putna nebija. Baltais st\\u0101r\\u0137is ir me\\u017ea stepju putns, s\\u0101ka masveid\\u0101 par\\u0101d\\u012bties, kad masveid\\u0101 izcirta me\\u017eus, par\\u0101d\\u012bj\\u0101s lauksaimniec\\u012bbas zemes lielas plat\\u012bbas," st\\u0101sta M\\u0101ris Strazds. "Liel\\u0101 m\\u0113r\\u0101 viss, ko labu par \\u0161o putnu sak\\u0101m \\u2013 sv\\u0113telis, b\\u0113rnu ne\\u0161ana \\u2013 tas n\\u0101k no V\\u0101cijas, t\\u0101 ir v\\u0101cie\\u0161u trad\\u012bcija, attieksme. \\u0160is aspekts ar\\u012b par\\u0101d\\u0101s tautasdziesm\\u0101s, baltais st\\u0101r\\u0137is tiek saukts par kungu putnu."\\n\\nAr\\u012b nosaukums visticam\\u0101k n\\u0101k no v\\u0101cu valodas.\\xa0\\u0160odien st\\u0101r\\u0137is ieg\\u0101jies aprit\\u0113, jo apm\\u0113ram simts gadus cilv\\u0113ki m\\u0101c\\u0101s putnu nosaukumus no gr\\u0101mat\\u0101m, ne saviem vec\\u0101kiem. Agr\\u0101k st\\u0101r\\u0137i vair\\u0101k d\\u0113v\\u0113ja par sv\\u0113teli.\\n\\nV\\u0113l interesants gad\\u012bjums ir za\\u013c\\u0101 v\\u0101rna.\\n\\n\\n"Ir d\\u012bvaini vai interesanti, k\\u0101p\\u0113c gr\\u0101mat\\u0101s ir palicis \\u0161is k\\u0101 galvenais, jo vienlaikus ir daudz lietots ar\\u012b zil\\u0101 v\\u0101rna, kas ir piln\\u012bgi prec\\u012bzs, jo putns ir debeszils.\\xa0Vi\\u0146ai nav nek\\u0101 za\\u013ca," atz\\u012bst M\\u0101ris Strazds.\\n\\n\\nTautasdziesm\\u0101s un sen\\u0101kaj\\u0101 literat\\u016br\\u0101 vienl\\u012bdz daudz figur\\u0113 ar\\u012b zil\\u0101 varna, kas ir atbilsto\\u0161s nosaukums.\\n\\n"V\\u0113l viens aspekts, latviskie nosaukumi visi s\\u0101kotn\\u0113ji ir pierakst\\u012bti v\\u0101cu valod\\u0101 izdot\\u0101 literat\\u016br\\u0101 un vecaj\\u0101 druk\\u0101, gotiskaj\\u0101 rakst\\u012bb\\u0101 "s" un "z" ir vien\\u0101di. Da\\u017eos avotos s\\u0101k lietos \\u0161\\u0137\\u0113rssv\\u012btru, lai at\\u0161\\u0137irtu, bet slikt\\u0101 kvalit\\u0101t\\u0113 nodruk\\u0101t\\u0101 gr\\u0101mat\\u0101 to ne vienm\\u0113r var redz\\u0113t. Atkar\\u012bgs ar\\u012b no burtli\\u010da darba.\\xa0Ja ir ac\\u012bmredzama\\xa0k\\u013c\\u016bda starp burtiem, to var atpaz\\u012bst, bet nelaime,\\n\\n\\nja\\xa0uzraksta "zila v\\u0101rna" vai "sila v\\u0101rna" - abi ir pareizi un varb\\u016bt, ka viens no nosaukumiem paties\\u012bb\\u0101 ir sila v\\u0101rna, jo tas ir piln\\u012bgi atbilsto\\u0161s sugai, k\\u0101 tagad saucam," atz\\u012bst M\\u0101ris Strazds.\\n\\n\\nKlimata p\\u0101rmai\\u0146u ietekm\\u0113 g\\u0101jputni ik gadu atgrie\\u017eas arvien agr\\u0101k\\n\\nIr marta vidus un tagad ik dienas gais\\u0101 redz zosu barus, Kurzemes laukos gan\\u0101s dz\\u0113rves un \\u0161ur tur jau dzirdamas ar\\u012b strazdu un c\\u012bru\\u013cu dziesmas. Marts ierasti ir laiks, kad Latvija atgrie\\u017eas pirmie g\\u0101jputni. Un gadu no gada tas notiek aizvien agr\\u0101k.\\n\\nPar putnu migr\\u0101ciju un klimata p\\u0101rmai\\u0146u ietekmi uz to st\\u0101sta ornitologs M\\u0101rti\\u0146\\u0161 Briedis, \\u0160veices ornitolo\\u0123ijas instit\\u016bta p\\u0113tnieks un Latvijas Universit\\u0101tes Biolo\\u0123ijas instit\\u016bta ornitolo\\u0123ijas laboratorijas vado\\u0161as p\\u0113tnieks, kur\\u0161 \\u0161obr\\u012bd\\xa0 str\\u0101d\\u0101 pie projekta \\u201dKlimata p\\u0101rmai\\u0146u ietekme uz pavasara iest\\u0101\\u0161an\\u0101s fenolo\\u0123iju un to saist\\u012bba ar izmai\\u0146\\u0101m Eiropas putnu popul\\u0101cij\\u0101s.\\u201d\\n\\nFenolo\\u0123ija \\u2013 tas ir laiks, kur\\u0101 notiek noteikti dabas procesi, un M\\u0101rti\\u0146a un vi\\u0146u kol\\u0113\\u0123u p\\u0113t\\u012bjums ir par to, k\\u0101 \\u0161ie dabas ritumi pavasaros s\\u0101kas aizvien agr\\u0101k gadu no gada un k\\u0101 \\u0161\\u012bm p\\u0101rmai\\u0146\\u0101m sp\\u0113j vai nesp\\u0113j piel\\u0101goties putni.\\n\\nKad celmi pliki top pavasar\\u012b, tad c\\u012brulis r\\u0101d\\u0101s \\u2013 v\\u0113st\\u012b paruna, p\\u0113c kuras var saprast, ka c\\u012bru\\u013ci ir tie pirmie pavasara v\\u0113stne\\u0161i. Cik \\u013coti klimata izmai\\u0146as \\u0161obr\\u012bd ir ietekm\\u0113ju\\u0161as m\\u016bsu sen\\u010du nov\\u0113rojumus par tiem vai citiem putniem un to sasaisti ar cit\\u0101m dabas par\\u0101d\\u012bb\\u0101m pavasar\\u012b?\\n\\nTie putni, kas neko nezina par klimata p\\u0101rmain\\u0101m un turpina atgriezties ierastaj\\u0101 re\\u017e\\u012bm\\u0101, ar laiku iekav\\u0113 dab\\u0101 past\\u0101vo\\u0161as norises un tas atst\\u0101j iespaidu uz to popul\\u0101ciju, atz\\u012bst M\\u0101rti\\u0146\\u0161 Briedis.'