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b'Iepaz\\u012bstam tuv\\u0101k \\u0161\\u012b gada dz\\u012bvnieku - \\u0137irzaku. Par 2023. gada dz\\u012bvnieku Dabas muzejs izv\\u0113l\\u0113jies divas Latvij\\u0101 sastopamas \\u0137irzaku sugas - p\\u013cavas \\u0137irzaku un Eiropas apdraud\\u0113to abinieku un r\\u0101pu\\u013cu sarakst\\u0101 iek\\u013cauto sila \\u0137irzaku.\\n\\nK\\u0101p\\u0113c un ko zin\\u0101m par \\u0137irzak\\u0101m Latvijas dab\\u0101, raid\\u012bjum\\u0101 Zin\\u0101mais nezin\\u0101maj\\u0101 skaidro El\\u012bza Skut\\u0101ne, Latvijas Nacion\\u0101la dabas muzeja vec\\u0101k\\u0101 muzejpedago\\u0123e, un zoologs un biolo\\u0123ijas zin\\u0101t\\u0146u doktors Andris \\u010ceir\\u0101ns.\\n\\n\\u0136irzakas ir r\\u0101pu\\u013ci, un to \\u0101da kl\\u0101ta ar ragvielas zv\\u012b\\u0146\\u0101m. Briesmu gad\\u012bjum\\u0101 \\u0137irzakas nomet asti, kas ataug, bet ir maz\\u0101ka. T\\u0101m rakstur\\u012bga \\u0161\\u0137elta m\\u0113le, kas kalpo k\\u0101 gar\\u0161as, o\\u017eas un taustes org\\u0101ns. \\u0136irzakas savstarp\\u0113ji sazin\\u0101s, izmantojot vizu\\u0101los un smar\\u017eas sign\\u0101lus. Vid\\u0113jais dz\\u012bves ilgums ir 5\\u20136 gadi. Abas \\u0137irzakas p\\u0101rtiek no da\\u017e\\u0101diem bezmugurkaulniekiem, galvenok\\u0101rt kukai\\u0146iem, zirnek\\u013ciem, nelieliem glieme\\u017eiem un sliek\\u0101m.\\xa0\\n\\n\\u0136irzakas ir aukstasi\\u0146u dz\\u012bvnieki \\u2013 to \\u0137erme\\u0146a temperat\\u016bra atkar\\u012bga no apk\\u0101rt\\u0113j\\u0101s vides temperat\\u016bras. Ziem\\u0101 t\\u0101s nevar b\\u016bt akt\\u012bvas aukstuma un bar\\u012bbas tr\\u016bkuma d\\u0113\\u013c un laiku no oktobra l\\u012bdz apr\\u012blim pavada ziemas snaud\\u0101. Latvij\\u0101 \\u0137irzakas ziemo zem koku sakn\\u0113m, ej\\u0101s augsnes virsk\\u0101rt\\u0101, \\u0113ku pagrabos un citviet. Gada siltaj\\u0101 laik\\u0101 t\\u0101s var nov\\u0113rot sild\\u0101mies saul\\u0113 uz akme\\u0146iem vai cit\\u0101m silt\\u0101m virsm\\u0101m.\\xa0\\n\\nP\\u013cavas \\u0137irzaka ir viena no piel\\u0101goties sp\\u0113j\\u012bg\\u0101kaj\\u0101m \\u0137irzaku sug\\u0101m pasaul\\u0113. Sastopama gandr\\u012bz vis\\u0101 Eirop\\u0101, iz\\u0146emot dienvidus, un Zieme\\u013c\\u0101zij\\u0101 l\\u012bdz pat Klusajam oke\\u0101nam. Bie\\u017ei sastopama vis\\u0101 Latvijas teritorij\\u0101. P\\u013cavas \\u0137irzaka ir maz\\u0101ka un tiev\\u0101ka, t\\u0101s garums ar asti ir l\\u012bdz 12 centimetriem (cm), retos gad\\u012bjumos \\u2013 l\\u012bdz 17 cm. Pieaudzis \\u012bpatnis ir br\\u016bns ar melniem plankumiem uz muguras, v\\u0113dera kr\\u0101sojums at\\u0161\\u0137iras starp dzimumiem \\u2013 m\\u0101t\\u012bt\\u0113m b\\u0101li dzeltens, bet t\\u0113vi\\u0146iem oran\\u017es (vairo\\u0161an\\u0101s period\\u0101 tas var b\\u016bt \\u012bpa\\u0161i ko\\u0161s). At\\u0161\\u0137ir\\u012bb\\u0101 no sila \\u0137irzakas, lielai da\\u013cai p\\u013cavas \\u0137irzaku uz s\\u0101niem ir tum\\u0161as joslas. Mazu\\u013ci ir \\u013coti tum\\u0161i, gandr\\u012bz melni, ar bronzas mirdzumu.\\xa0\\n\\nSila \\u0137irzakas dz\\u012bvo liel\\u0101kaj\\u0101 da\\u013c\\u0101 Eiropas teritorijas un \\u0100zijas rietumos. Nevienm\\u0113r\\u012bgi sastopama vis\\u0101 Latvij\\u0101, bie\\u017e\\u0101k \\u2013 teritorij\\u0101s ar lielu smil\\u0161ainu aug\\u0161\\u0146u \\u012bpatsvaru un siltu klimatu, sam\\u0113r\\u0101 lielas popul\\u0101cijas ir Latvijas dienvidaustrumu da\\u013c\\u0101 un Pier\\u012bg\\u0101. Suga iek\\u013cauta Latvijas Sarkanaj\\u0101 gr\\u0101mat\\u0101, k\\u0101 ar\\u012b Eiropas apdraud\\u0113to abinieku un r\\u0101pu\\u013cu sarakst\\u0101. Sila \\u0137irzaka ir krietni liel\\u0101ka un drukn\\u0101ka, sasniedzot pat 25 cm garumu. Pieaugu\\u0161as m\\u0101t\\u012btes ir pel\\u0113c\\u012bgas vai br\\u016bnganas ar plankumiem, to v\\u0113deri var b\\u016bt b\\u0101li vai za\\u013ci. Pieaugu\\u0161i t\\u0113vi\\u0146i ir pel\\u0113c\\u012bgi vai br\\u016bngani, to muguras, t\\u0101pat k\\u0101 m\\u0101t\\u012bt\\u0113m, ir kl\\u0101tas ar plankumiem. Vairo\\u0161an\\u0101s period\\u0101 t\\u0113vi\\u0146u mugura var k\\u013c\\u016bt izteikti ko\\u0161i za\\u013ca. Sila \\u0137irzakas mazu\\u013ci ir br\\u016bni vai pel\\u0113kbr\\u016bni.\\xa0\\n\\nIepaz\\u012bstam D\\u017eeimsu Lavloku un vi\\u0146a Gajas hipot\\u0113zi\\n\\n2022. gad\\u0101 tie\\u0161i sav\\u0101 103. dzim\\u0161anas dien\\u0101 m\\u016b\\u017e\\u012bb\\u0101 dev\\u0101s ang\\u013cu zin\\u0101tnieks D\\u017eeimss Lavloks (James Lovelock). Tas nenoliedzami bija br\\u012bdis, lai no jauna izv\\u0113rt\\u0113tu gan Lavloka devumu zin\\u0101tnei kopum\\u0101, gan Gajas hipot\\u0113zi (Gaia theory), ar kuru vi\\u0146a v\\u0101rds paz\\u012bstams vislab\\u0101k un kas st\\u0101sta par Zemi k\\u0101 par pa\\u0161organiz\\u0113jo\\u0161u sist\\u0113mu. Lavloks tiek d\\u0113v\\u0113ts par celmlauzi zin\\u0101tn\\u0113, par klimata pare\\u0123i, ta\\u010du vi\\u0146a atzinumiem bijis ar\\u012b daudz kriti\\u0137u. Kas bija D\\u017eeimss Lavloks, st\\u0101sta Latvijas Universit\\u0101tes \\u0122eogr\\u0101fijas un zemes zin\\u0101t\\u0146u fakult\\u0101tes profesors Viesturs Melecis, un vispirms profesors sniedz nelielu ieskatu Lavloka biogr\\u0101fij\\u0101.\\n\\nLavloka biogr\\u0101fij\\u0101 \\u012bpa\\u0161a vieta ir sadarb\\u012bbai ar mikrobiolo\\u0123i Linnu Margulisu (Lynn Margulis) no ASV. Darbs kop\\u0101 ar Linnu Margulisu \\u013c\\u0101vis Lavlokam g\\u016bt zin\\u0101\\u0161anas mikrobiolo\\u0123ij\\u0101, t\\u0101d\\u0113j\\u0101di vi\\u0146\\u0161 skaidrojis, ka tik \\u013coti nepiecie\\u0161amo l\\u012bdzsvaru jeb homeost\\u0101zi cilv\\u0113kam uztur mikrobioms. Ta\\u010du, ja run\\u0101jam par j\\u0113dzienu \\u201cl\\u012bdzsvars\\u201d, tad Viesturs Melecis nor\\u0101da, ka t\\u0101da dabisk\\u0101 l\\u012bdzsvara nemaz nav, viss ir main\\u012bg\\u0101 pl\\u016bsm\\u0101, kur\\u0101 da\\u017e\\u0101di procesi tiek apspiesti vai g\\u016bst virsroku. T\\u0101pat ar\\u012b biosf\\u0113r\\u0101 m\\u0113s varam run\\u0101t tikai par nosac\\u012btu l\\u012bdzsvaru, jo paties\\u012bb\\u0101 visas sist\\u0113mas dab\\u0101 virz\\u0101s uz nesak\\u0101rtot\\u012bbu jeb entropiju.'