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b"Guest: Professor David Kipping \\n\\nStar Trek depicts a galaxy teeming with life, including many variations of intelligent life. Is that the nature of our universe? Or could it be that life is exceedingly rare? Or that intelligence takes an absurdly long time to evolve? Might we be the lucky, lonely ones?\\n\\nAlthough we don't yet know the answer, we can use our knowledge of the emergence and evolution of life on Earth to create betting odds for how quickly life and intelligence emerge. That's exactly what Professor David Kipping of Columbia University did in a paper published earlier this year.\\n\\nDavid's scientific paper: https://www.pnas.org/content/117/22/11995.short\\n\\nDavid's Cool Worlds channel on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGHZpIpAWJQ-Jy_CeCdXhMA\\n\\nFollow us on Twitter!\\nMike: @Miquai\\nDavid: @david_kipping"