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Learn about why NASA doesn\u2019t launch rockets in the rain (which is why there was a delay launching the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft carrying NASA astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley); why llamas are so promising for protecting humans against viruses like COVID-19; and why things get cold \u2014 when they\u2019re wet, when you\u2019re chewing mint gum, and when you blow air through narrowed lips.

Why NASA doesn\u2019t launch rockets in the rain by Cameron Duke

• Analysis of Apollo 12 Lightning Incident. (1970, February). Spaceflight.Nasa.Gov. https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/outreach/SignificantIncidents/assets/analysis-of-apollo-12-lightning-incident.pdf
• Apollo 12 Launch - CSM Onboard Audio. (2012). [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31qt9jgtMMI
• Apollo 12 Launch (Lightning Strike) - Onboard Voice Recorder. (2015). [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivtpIGrMZpw
• Bartels, M. (2020, May 30). NASA and SpaceX eye weather for historic Demo-2 astronaut launch Saturday. Space.Com. https://www.space.com/spacex-demo-2-astronaut-launch-weather-concerns.html
• Basics of Space Flight: Rocket Propellants. (2019). Braeunig.Us. http://www.braeunig.us/space/propel.htm
• NASA - Lightning and Launches. (2020). Nasa.Gov. https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/9-12/features/F_Lightning_and_Launches_9_12.html
• Gohd, C. (2019, November 14). 50 Years Ago: NASA\u2019s Apollo 12 Was Struck By Lightning Right After Launch ... Twice! (Video). Space.Com; Space. https://www.space.com/apollo-12-lightning-strike-twice-launch-video.html
• Thorbecke, C. (2020, May 27). NASA\u2019s SpaceX launch scrubbed due to weather, next chance on Saturday. ABC News; ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/live-updates-nasa-spacex-launch-astronauts-iss/story?id=70902209
• Shira Teitel, A. (2017). What Happened on Board when Apollo 12 was Struck by Lightning [YouTube Video]. In The Vintage Space. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9i6yD2c2Jho

Why llamas are so promising for human virus protection by Cameron Duke

• Leslie, M. (2018, May 10). Mini-antibodies discovered in sharks and camels could lead to drugs for cancer and other diseases. Science | AAAS. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/mini-antibodies-discovered-sharks-and-camels-could-lead-drugs-cancer-and-other-diseases#
• Brulliard, K. and Johnson, C.Y. (2020, May 6). The urgent quest for a coronavirus treatment involves door-to-door blood collection and a llama named Winter. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2020/05/06/urgent-quest-coronavirus-treatment-involves-door-to-door-blood-collection-llama-named-winter/
• Dr. Francis Collins. (2018, November 13). Looking to Llamas for New Ways to Fight the Flu. NIH Director\u2019s Blog. https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2018/11/13/looking-to-llamas-for-new-ways-to-fight-the-flu/
• Hamers-Casterman, C., Atarhouch, T., Muyldermans, S., Robinson, G., Hammers, C., Songa, E. B., Bendahman, N., & Hammers, R. (1993). Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. Nature, 363(6428), 446\u2013448. https://doi.org/10.1038/363446a0
• Wrapp, Daniel, et al. (2020). Structural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies. Cell. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.031
• Zimmer, C. (2018, November 1). How to Turbocharge Flu Protection (Llamas Required). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/01/science/flu-vaccinations.html

Three questions about cold by Ashley Hamer (Listener questions from Joshua, Brescia, and Likith)

• Bautista, D. M., Siemens, J., Glazer, J. M., Tsuruda, P. R., Basbaum, A. I., Stucky, C. L., Jordt, S.-E., & Julius, D. (2007). The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold. Nature, 448(7150), 204\u2013208. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05910
• Lecklitner, I. (2016, November 9). Why Does My Mouth Freeze When I Drink Water After Chewing... Dollar Shave Club Original Content; Dollar Shave Club Original Content. https://www.dollarshaveclub.com/content/story/why-does-my-mouth-freeze-when-i-drink-water-after-chewing-gum
• WIRED Staff. (2010, September 22). Why Does Spicy Food Taste Hot? WIRED; WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2010/09/why-does-spicy-food-taste-hot/
• Chicago Tribune. (2011, August 9). Ask Tom why: Why does wet skin feel cold? Chicagotribune.com. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2011-08-09-ct-wea-0809-asktom-20110809-story.html
• Heat of Vaporization. (2013, October 2). Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Thermodynamics/Energies_and_Potentials/Enthalpy/Heat_of_Vaporization
• Fluid or Air Entrainment. (2020). Lanecc.Edu. https://media.lanecc.edu/users/driscolln/RT112/Air_Flow_Fluidics/Air_Flow_Fluidics7.html

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Find episode transcript here: https://curiosity-daily-4e53644e.simplecast.com/episodes/fighting-coronavirus-with-llamas-why-rain-stops-rocket-launches-and-listener-questions-about-cold-things

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