Who are China’s close and not-so-close partners?

Published: Nov. 29, 2021, 4 a.m.

November 22 is the 30th anniversary of the establishment of dialogue between China and ASEAN. The commemorative conference was held in Beijing via teleconference and China and ASEAN formally established a comprehensive strategic partnership.
Partnership diplomacy is a major feature of Chinese diplomacy, which is different from alliance diplomacy. Once you form an alliance, your responsibility will be greater because of the exclusiveness of the alliance.
The partnership is not exclusive and does not target a third country. I am a partner with you, and I can also have a partnership with your former partner or even a rival.
For example, China and Pakistan are partners, and Pakistan’s rival India is also a partner; China is a good partner of Iran, and Iran’s rival—Israel is also a good partner.
The partnership is voluntary, flexible, and even more equal. The alliance relationship is bound by interests and based on one's own strength, that is, it is unequal in the alliance system.

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