'No off ramps for Putin' - with Fred Kagan
b'With increasing talk about nuclear threats, we have three questions in this episode:\\n\\nWhat do we know from Putin\\u2019s past behavior that could inform how high up the ladder of escalation he is prepared to go? \\nWhat are the next rungs up the ladder of escalation before the nuclear threat is real?\\nAs Putin moves up this escalatory ladder, what are the calculations of Zelensky, Europe\\u2019s leaders, and President Biden? \\n\\nMilitary analyst and Russia historian Fred Kagan returns to the podcast. Fred is the director of the American Critical Threats Project at the American Enterprise Institute and a former professor of military history at West Point, where he taught for ten years. Fred regularly advises senior US military commanders. He earned his PhD in Russian and Soviet military history at Yale University. \\n\\nFred has a contrarian take on possible off-ramps for Putin (spoiler-alert: he doesn\\u2019t think there are any). And Fred also has a contrarian take on President Biden\\u2019s recent comments about a \\u201cnuclear armageddon\\u201d. \\n\\nTo follow Fred Kagan\\u2019s work, the easiest way to do that is to go to AEI.org and understandingwar.org.'