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Everything is made up of fundamental particles. You have the leptons: that\u2019s the electron, muon, tau, and their ghostly neutrinos that help us to conserve momentum. You have the quarks, which make up all of the hadrons. The up, down, and strange quarks: and their heavier cousins, the top, bottom, and charm quarks. Mixing quarks can give you baryons, like the proton and neutron. It can give you mesons, like the pion particles.

But you also have four forces.


There\u2019s gravity, which pulls on everything with mass. There\u2019s electromagnetism, which pulls on everything with charge. There\u2019s the weak nuclear force, which is involved in the decay of neutrons and other particles, and it\u2019s also how the ghostly neutrinos interact. And, finally, there\u2019s the strong nuclear force: which binds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus, and binds the quarks within each proton and neutron.

It turns out that the final part of the Standard Model is associated with these forces. Because, although we can imagine force fields that extend throughout space like Maxwell did, it turns out that forces have \u2018carriers\u2019. In some sense, when one particle exerts a force on another, another particle jumps between them to spread that influence. These force carriers are bosons.


In this episode, we'll complete our picture of the Standard Model by adding the force carriers and the Higgs Boson into the mix. And then, we'll dive into the terrifying world of BDSM - BeyonD the Standard Model.


You can listen to all of our archived episodes up at\xa0www.physicspodcast.com\xa0or listen to our sister podcast, Autocracy Now, at\xa0www.autocracynow.libsyn.com.

On the physicspodcast website, you will find a contact form where you can discuss any comments, questions, concerns, suggestions for future show topics or interview guests - we'd love to hear from you.

You can also contact us via Twitter @physicspod or @autocracynow.\xa0