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The following question refers to Sections 10.2 of the 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure.\nThe question is asked by Western Michigan University medical student and CardioNerds Intern\xa0Shivani Reddy, answered first by Mayo Clinic Cardiology Fellow and CardioNerds Academy House Faculty Leader\xa0Dr. Dinu Balanescu, and then by expert faculty Dr. Ileana Pina.\nDr. Pina is Professor of Medicine and Quality Officer for the Cardiovascular Line at Thomas Jefferson University, Clinical Professor at Central Michigan University, and Adjunct Professor of Biostats and Epidemiology at Case Western University. She serves as Senior Fellow and Medical Officer at the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s Center for Devices and Radiological Health.\nThe\xa0Decipher the Guidelines: 2022 AHA / ACC / HFSA Guideline for The Management of Heart Failure\xa0series was developed by the CardioNerds and created in collaboration with the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. It was created by 30 trainees spanning college through advanced fellowship under the leadership of CardioNerds Cofounders\xa0Dr. Amit Goyal\xa0and\xa0Dr. Dan Ambinder, with mentorship from\xa0Dr. Anu Lala,\xa0Dr. Robert Mentz, and\xa0Dr. Nancy Sweitzer. We thank Dr. Judy Bezanson and Dr. Elliott Antman for tremendous guidance.\nEnjoy this Circulation 2022 Paths to Discovery article to learn about the CardioNerds story, mission, and values.\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tQuestion #24\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\nMr. E. Regular is a 61-year-old man with a history of HFrEF due to non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (latest LVEF 40% after >3 months of optimized GDMT) and persistent atrial fibrillation. He has no other medical history. He has been on metoprolol and apixaban and has also undergone multiple electrical cardioversions and catheter ablations for atrial fibrillation but remains symptomatic with poorly controlled rates. His blood pressure is 105/65 mm Hg. HbA1c is 5.4%. Which of the following is a reasonable next step in the management of his atrial fibrillation?\n\n\n\n\nA\n\n\nAnti-arrhythmic drug therapy with amiodarone. Stop apixaban.\n\n\n\n\nB\n\n\nRepeat catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Stop apixaban.\n\n\n\n\nC\n\n\nAV nodal ablation and RV pacing. Shared decision-making regarding anticoagulation.\n\n\n\n\nD\n\n\nAV nodal ablation and CRT device. Shared decision-making regarding anticoagulation.\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAnswer #24\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\nExplanation\n\n\nThe correct answer is D \u2013 AV nodal ablation and CRT device along with shared decision-making regarding anticoagulation.\u201d\nMaintaining sinus rhythm and atrial-ventricular synchrony is helpful in patients with heart failure given the hemodynamic benefits of atrial systole for diastolic filling and having a regularized rhythm.\nRecent randomized controlled trials suggest that catheter-based rhythm control strategies are superior to rate control and chemical rhythm control strategies with regards to outcomes in atrial fibrillation. For patients with heart failure and symptoms caused by atrial fibrillation, ablation is reasonable to improve symptoms and quality of life (Class 2a, LOE B-R). However, Mr. Regular has already had multiple failed attempts at ablations (option B).\nFor patients with AF and LVEF \u226450%, if a rhythm control strategy fails or is not desired,\nand ventricular rates remain rapid despite medical therapy, atrioventricular nodal ablation with implantation of a CRT device is reasonable (Class 2a, LOE B-R). The PAVE and BLOCK-HF trials suggested improved outcomes with CRT devices in these patients.\nRV pacing following AV nodal ablation has also been shown to improve outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation refractory to other rhythm control strategies. In patients with EF >50%, there is no evidence to suggest that CRT is more beneficial compared to RV-only pacing. However, RV pacing may produce ventricular dyssynchrony and when compared to CRT in those with reduced EF (\u2264 50%),